across a gulf of mutual incomprehension.

藝術和科學格格不入.

There is great confusion when the two look at each other.

如果硬要相提並論那麼就會造成很多疑惑.

Art, of course, looks at the world through the psyche,

藝術當然著眼於內在心靈,情感的世界

the emotions -- the unconscious at times -- and of course the aesthetic.

有時甚至是潛在意識的--還有當然是審美觀念。

Science tends to look at the world through the rational, the quantitative --

科學的世界趨向理性,量化--

things that can be measured and described --

東西可以衡量和描述--

but it gives art a terrific context of understanding.

但也因此它給了藝術的一個很好的環境被理解和明白

In the Extreme Ice Survey,

在我們極度冰川調查中，

we're dedicated to bringing those two parts of human understanding together,

我們致力於將人類認識的藝術和科學

to merging the art and science

融合一起,

to the end of helping us understand nature

最終幫助我們更加了解

and humanity's relationship with nature better.

自然和人類的關係.

Specifically, I as a person

更具體來說，

who's been a professional nature photographer my whole adult life,

成長後我的專業一直是自然風景攝影師,

am firmly of the belief that photography, video, film

我堅信攝影,錄像和電影

have tremendous powers for helping us understand

有強大的力量來幫助我們理解，

and shape the way we think about nature

雕塑我們對自然的思維方式

and about ourselves in relationship to nature.

和我們跟自然的關係.

In this project, we're specifically interested, of course, in ice.

在這個計劃中,我們特別感興趣的當然是冰。

I'm fascinated by the beauty of it, the mutability of it,

我迷上了它的美麗,它的千變萬化性，

the malleability of it,

它的延展性，

and the fabulous shapes in which it can carve itself.

及它自己可以雕刻本身成各種神奇的形狀。

These first images are from Greenland.

第一批的這些圖片是從格陵蘭照的。

But ice has another meaning.

但冰有另外的含義。

Ice is the canary in the global coal mine.

冰提供地球發生危機的先兆( 像礦坑中的金絲雀作用一樣)

It's the place where we can see and touch and hear and feel climate change in action.

在冰川這地方,我們可以用五官去看,觸摸,聽到,和感覺到氣候變化的現象.

Climate change is a really abstract thing in most of the world.

對世界上大多數人來說氣候變化是一個非常抽象的東西。

Whether or not you believe in it is based on your sense of

不管你是否根據您自己感覺

is it raining more or is it raining less?

有否下雨較多還是下雨變少了.

Is it getting hotter or is it getting colder?

或是氣溫越來越熱或是越來越冷.

What do the computer models say about this, that and the other thing?

或是根據電腦模式計算,還有其他計算方法

All of that, strip it away. In the world of the arctic and alpine environments,

把這一切方法,都放一邊吧! 在北極和高地氣候的環境中，

where the ice is, it's real and it's present.

冰是指標，[氣候變化]是真真的而且是在當下

The changes are happening. They're very visible.

這些現時發生的變化。是非常明顯,

They're photographable. They're measurable.

可用照相檔案來衡量的.

95 percent of the glaciers in the world are retreating or shrinking.

世界上百分之95的冰川正在縮退或變小.

That's outside Antarctica.

這是南極洲之外圍(照片).

95 percent of the glaciers in the world are retreating or shrinking,

世界上百分之95的冰川正在退縮或變小,

and that's because the precipitation patterns and the temperature patterns are changing.

因為降雨量和溫度模式改變.

There is no significant scientific dispute about that.

對此科學上並沒有重大爭議,

It's been observed, it's measured, it's bomb-proof information.

它是已被觀察到,已被測量出,這是鐵證如山的証明.

And the great irony and tragedy of our time

對我們這個時代而言最諷刺和最可悲的是

is that a lot of the general public thinks that science is still arguing about that.

很多人還在認為,科學家們仍在爭論(氣候不正常變化)這一點.

Science is not arguing about that.

其實科學已完全接受這一點.

In these images we see ice from enormous glaciers,

由這些圖像,我們看到

ice sheets that are hundreds of thousands of years old

幾千萬年的冰塊從廣大的冰川上

breaking up into chunks, and chunk by chunk by chunk,

分解成一塊，和一塊，一塊塊的，變成一座座冰山,

iceberg by iceberg, turning into global sea level rise.

而這些冰山把全球海平面提高上升。

So, having seen all of this in the course of a 30-year career,

雖經過30年的職業生涯的浸淫，

I was still a skeptic about climate change until about 10 years ago,

直到大約10年前,我仍然對氣候變化持懷疑態度

because I thought the story of climate change was based on computer models.

因為我覺得這個是根據電腦程式而計算的氣候變化模型.

I hadn't realized it was based on concrete measurements

我沒有意識到它是根據確實的歷史氣候測量數據—

of what the paleoclimates -- the ancient climates -- were,

就是paleo 氣候-—古代氣候 --

as recorded in the ice sheets, as recorded in deep ocean sediments,

它們被記錄在冰床中，被記錄在深海沉積物中，

as recorded in lake sediments, tree rings,

被記錄在湖泊沉積物中,樹木年輪

and a lot of other ways of measuring temperature.

和很多測量溫度其他方式裡.

When I realized that climate change was real, and it was not based on computer models,

當我意識到氣候變化是真實的,它不是基於電腦程式模型，

I decided that one day I would do a project

我決定有一天我會

looking at trying to manifest climate change photographically.

運用攝影來展現氣候變化.

And that led me to this project.

然後我就組織這個計劃團隊.

Initially, I was working on a National Geographic assignment --

最初，我的工作是一項有關國家地理雜誌的計劃,

conventional, single frame, still photography.

很傳統的,單一的框架的攝影.

And one crazy day, I got the idea that I should --

但有一天,我有一個瘋狂的主意.我應該—

after that assignment was finished --

當這工作完成之後--

I got the idea that I should shoot in time-lapse photography,

我應該拍攝自動定時照片.

that I should station a camera or two at a glacier

我應該安裝一,兩台照相機對著冰川,

and let it shoot every 15 minutes, or every hour or whatever

讓它每15分鐘,或者每隔一小時或不同間隔拍攝一次，

and watch the progression of the landscape over time.

看冰川的風景隨著時間的推移而轉變的情形.

Well, within about three weeks,

在大約三個星期內，

I incautiously turned that idea of a couple of time-lapse cameras

我不知不覺把定時照相機從兩台

into 25 time-lapse cameras.

增加成25台.

And the next six months of my life were the hardest time in my career,

於是接下去的六個月,是我職業生涯中最困難的時候,

trying to design, build and deploy out in the field these 25 time-lapse cameras.

我試圖設計,建造和部署了這25台定時照相機.

They are powered by the sun. Solar panels power them.

它們都採用了太陽能充電,

Power goes into a battery. There is a custom made computer

然後電源進入電池內儲存.用一種特製的電腦,

that tells the camera when to fire.

來監控定時照相機的開闢.

And these cameras are positioned on rocks on the sides of the glaciers,

這些照相機被安裝在冰川邊的岩石上

and they look in on the glacier from permanent, bedrock positions,

然後從穩定的岩床位子

and they watch the evolution of the landscape.

記錄觀察冰川不斷的演變.

We just had a number of cameras out on the Greenland Ice Sheet.

我們剛在格陵蘭冰床設放幾台照相機.

We actually drilled holes into the ice, way deep down below the thawing level,

實際上,我們在冰床鑽孔,一直深入到不會被融化的那層冰為止,

and had some cameras out there for the past month and a half or so.

然後把相機架好在那兒一個月或半月等等.

Actually, there's still a camera out there right now.

現在我們仍有一台正在那兒拍照呢!

In any case, the cameras shoot roughly every hour.

定時拍照的時間間隔是大約一小時,

Some of them shoot every half hour, every 15 minutes, every five minutes.

有些半小時,15分鐘或5分鐘不等.

Here's a time lapse of one of the time-lapse units being made.

這是定時拍攝的相片展示一台定時照相機的製造過程.

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

I personally obsessed about every nut, bolt and washer in these crazy things.

我個人瘋狂熱衷的用每一個螺母，螺栓和墊圈去組成這些定時照相機.

I spent half my life at our local hardware store

當我們最初興建這些相機時,

during the months when we built these units originally.

我一半的生命是花費了在附近的五金店.

We're working in most of the major glaciated regions of the northern hemisphere.

我們工作研究的地方主要是北半球的大多數冰川地區,

Our time-lapse units are in Alaska, the Rockies, Greenland and Iceland,

我們把定時攝影器材設立在阿拉斯加,落基山脈,格陵蘭,冰島，

and we have repeat photography positions,

我們會在同一地方重複攝影,

that is places we just visit on an annual basis,

這些地區我們每年都會去.

in British Columbia, the Alps and Bolivia.

像是不列顛哥倫比亞省,阿爾卑斯山和玻利維亞。

It's a big undertaking. I stand here before you tonight

這是一個艱鉅的任務。今晚我站在這裡，

as an ambassador for my whole team.

在你面前代表整個團隊。

There's a lot of people working on this right now.

有很多人現在都在做這項工作。

We've got 33 cameras out this moment.

在這一刻我們有33個照相機在外。

We just had 33 cameras shoot about half an hour ago

半小時前我們有33相機拍攝完成,

all across the northern hemisphere, watching what's happened.

在北半球記錄冰川的差別.

And we've spent a lot of time in the field. It's been a fantastic amount of work.

我們花了很多時間在冰川那裡.也得到大量且驚人的照片。

We've been out for two and a half years,

我們已經進行了兩年半了，

and we've got about another two and a half years yet to go.

我們大概還會再繼續另外兩年半的時間.

That's only half our job.

這只是我們一半的工作。

The other half of our job is to tell the story to the global public.

我們另一半的工作是告訴全球公眾冰川變化的故事。

You know, scientists have collected this kind of information

你知道嗎,科學家斷斷續續

off and on over the years, but a lot of it stays within the science community.

已經收集這類信息多年，但很多資訊只停留在科學界。

Similarly, a lot of art projects stay in the art community,

同樣,很多藝術作品只有藝術界知道，

and I feel very much a responsibility through mechanisms like TED,

我感到非常有責任通過各種機制像TED，

and like our relationship with the Obama White House,

像我們與奧巴馬白宮與參議院的關係，

with the Senate, with John Kerry, to influence policy

與約翰克里辦公室的交情，

as much as possible with these pictures as well.

用這些照片去盡量影響法律政策.

We've done films. We've done books. We have more coming.

我們已經完成電影,出版有關書籍。未來我們會做更多。

We have a site on Google Earth

我們甚至有一個網站在谷歌地球(Google Earth)，

that Google Earth was generous enough to give us,

這是谷歌慷慨免費給我們的-

and so forth, because we feel very much the need to tell this story,

所有的一切,是因為我們感到非常有必要告訴大家這件事，

because it is such an immediate evidence of ongoing climate change right now.

因為這是一個直接證據可証明現在氣候變化正在進行。

Now, one bit of science before we get into the visuals.

現在,讓我們先討論一點科學數據,然後再看影片

If everybody in the developed world understood this graph,

如果每個先進國家的每個人理解這圖表，

and emblazoned it on the inside of their foreheads,

而且把此圖牢牢的記憶在腦海內

there would be no further societal argument about climate change

那將來群眾就不會有任何對氣候變化的爭論，

because this is the story that counts.

因為事實勝雄辯.

Everything else you hear is just propaganda and confusion.

其他的不同理論只不過是一種宣傳和混亂視聽的手段.

Key issues: this is a 400,000 year record.

關鍵是:這是40萬年來氣象紀錄圖,

This exact same pattern is seen going back now

几乎完全一樣的這種氣象變化模式.

almost a million years before our current time.

已經約有一百萬年了.

And several things are important.

這有幾件事情是很重要的。

Number one: temperature and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

一：溫度和在大氣中的二氧化碳含量

go up and down basically in sync.

基本上是同步上揚或下降.

You can see that from the orange line and the blue line.

這你可從橙色線和藍線中看到。

Nature naturally has allowed carbon dioxide to go up to 280 parts per million.

大自然的自然法則是可容許二氧化碳含量上升到百萬分之280(280ppm)。

That's the natural cycle.

這是自然的循環。

Goes up to 280 and then drops

上升到280然後

for various reasons that aren't important to discuss right here.

由於種種原因就會下跌，這不是今天重點,所以現在不討論。

But 280 is the peak.

但280是其最高點.

Right now, if you look at the top right part of that graph,

現在，如果你看看右上角的圖那部分，

we're at 385 parts per million.

我們正處於385ppm。

We are way, way outside the normal, natural variability.

這大大超過正常,自然的變異範圍.

Earth is having a fever.

地球正在發燒。

In the past hundred years, the temperature of the Earth

在過去的百年裡,地球的溫度

has gone up 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit, .75 degrees Celsius,

已經上升了華氏1.3度,或攝氏0.75度，

and it's going to keep going up

而且這將繼續下去

because we keep dumping fossil fuels into the atmosphere.

因為我們把化石燃料廢氣

At the rate of about two and a half parts per million per year.

以每年2.5ppm的速度持續排放到大氣中。

It's been a remorseless, steady increase.

這現象一直無情堅持不懈，穩步增長。

We have to turn that around.

我們必須要扭轉這種現象，

That's the crux, and someday I hope to emblazon that

這是關鍵所在,有一天我希望有紀念碑

across Times Square in New York and a lot of other places.

橫跨在紐約時代廣場和許多其他地方來提醒我們。

But anyway, off to the world of ice.

但現在,回到冰之世界。

We're now at the Columbia Glacier in Alaska.

我們現在在阿拉斯加的哥倫比亞冰川。

This is a view of what's called the calving face.

這個照片是有關所謂的冰川裂開形成冰山的切面。

This is what one of our cameras saw over the course of a few months.

這是我們的一個照相機在這幾個月中所記錄的。

You see the glacier flowing in from the right,

你瞧瞧冰山從右邊流出，

dropping off into the sea, camera shooting every hour.

落入海中，我們每隔一小時拍攝一次。

If you look in the middle background,

如果你看中間部份的背景，

you can see the calving face bobbing up and down like a yo-yo.

你可以看到形成冰山的切面向上和向下漂浮像溜溜球一樣。

That means that glacier's floating and it's unstable,

這意味著該冰川是浮動的,不穩定的，

and you're about to see the consequences of that floating.

你將看到它浮動後的後果是什麼。

To give you a little bit of a sense of scale,

為了讓您更瞭解它代表的意義我們用數字表示，

that calving face in this picture

這照片中,產生冰山的切面

is about 325 feet tall. That's 32 stories.

大約325英尺高。相當於32層樓房。

This is not a little cliff. This is like a major office building in an urban center.

這不是一個小斷崖。這就像在城市中心一個高大的辦公建築。

The calving face is the wall where the visible ice breaks off,

該切面像面牆,而在此可見到冰斷裂剝離，

but in fact, it goes down below sea level another couple thousand feet.

這切面在低於海平面下還有兩千英尺。

So there's a wall of ice a couple thousand feet deep

所以這個冰牆還要向下兩千英尺深.

going down to bedrock if the glacier's grounded on bedrock,

無論是穩固的冰川或是漂浮的冰山都還要向

and floating if it isn't.

下伸展兩千英尺深.

Here's what Columbia's done. This is in south central Alaska.

以上是發生在哥倫比亞的。接著討論阿拉斯加中南部。

This was an aerial picture I did one day in June three years ago.

這是我三年前在六月的某一天所拍的空中鳥瞰圖。

This is an aerial picture we did this year.

這是我們今年拍的。

That's the retreat of this glacier.

看這冰川主流幹後退的情況.

The main stem, the main flow of the glacier is coming from the right

此照片中冰川主流幹是冰水冰塊快速從右邊

and it's going very rapidly up that stem.

流入湧進主流幹.

We're going to be up there in just a few more weeks,

數星期後,我們還會到那裡.

and we expect that it's probably retreated another half a mile,

我們預估冰川主流幹會再後退半英里,

but if I got there and discovered that it had collapsed

但是如果我們看到一切都瓦解了,

and it was five miles further back, I wouldn't be the least bit surprised.

而冰川主流幹又後退5公里,我一點也不會感到驚訝的.

Now it's really hard to grasp the scale of these places,

這真的很難想像其尺寸規模，

because as the glaciers --

因為這些冰川-

one of the things is that places like Alaska and Greenland are huge,

比如從一方面來說，阿拉斯加和格陵蘭島這些地方的冰川是巨大的，

they're not normal landscapes --

他們不是我們易見的景觀 -

but as the glaciers are retreating, they're also deflating,

但由於冰川一直持續退縮，一直消減，

like air is being let out of a balloon.

像一個氣球裡的空氣一直被釋放出來一樣。

And so, there are features on this landscape.

而且這是個有特色的景觀。

There's a ridge right in the middle of the picture, up above where that arrow comes in,

在這照片的正中有一列山嶺,在箭頭的上方位置,

that shows you that a little bit.

箭頭使你可以更容易找到山嶺些.

There's a marker line called the trim line

有一個標記線稱為修剪線,

above our little red illustration there.

就在我們紅色標誌的上面.

This is something no self-respecting photographer would ever do --

這可不是一個正常高尚攝影師會做的事情-

you put some cheesy illustration on your shot, right? --

-放一些俗氣裝飾插圖在自己的照片中,你說是不是?

and yet you have to do it sometimes to narrate these points.

但有時你必須這樣做,才能正確闡述要表達的重點。

But, in any case, the deflation of this glacier since 1984

但是，不管如何，這個冰川自1984年

has been higher than the Eiffel Tower, higher than the Empire State Building.

以來縮小程度已經超過艾菲爾鐵塔的高度,或帝國大廈的高度。

A tremendous amount of ice has been let out of these valleys

當冰川後退及消失一直退縮回山谷時,

as it's retreated and deflated, gone back up valley.

大量的冰山冰塊也從這些山谷中流失.

These changes in the alpine world are accelerating.

這些變化現象在高山冰寒世界正在加速惡化。

It's not static.

它不是靜態的。

Particularly in the world of sea ice,

尤其是海洋中的冰世界，

the rate of natural change is outstripping predictions of just a few years ago,

幾年前自然變化的速率已經是超越了預測，

and the processes either are accelerating

而無論是加速過快

or the predictions were too low to begin with.

或開始的時候預測過低。

But in any case, there are big, big changes happening as we speak.

無法否認,在我們說話這時,氣象已有大大的變化。

So, here's another time-lapse shot of Columbia.

這裡有另一個定時拍攝哥倫比亞照片,

And you see where it ended in these various spring days,

你可以看到在春天每月不同的變化景觀,

June, May, then October.

六月,五月,可能的話也包含十月.

Now we turn on our time lapse.

現在我們起動定時拍攝儀器,

This camera was shooting every hour.

每隔一小時拍攝一次

Geologic process in action here.

地理景觀的變化正在發生

And everybody says, well don't they advance in the winter time?

每個人都以為冬天情況就應該不會惡化.

No. It was retreating through the winter because it's an unhealthy glacier.

但不是的!即使冬天也一直退縮,因為它是一個不健康的冰川。

Finally catches up to itself, it advances.

一次比一次嚴重.冰川消失一直在進行.