So freedom came with responsibility.

所以自由的代價便是責任。

But my imagination would take me to all these wonderful places, where everything was possible.

但是我可以通過我的想像力，到達那些美好的、一切皆有可能的地方 。

So I grew up in a bubble of innocence --or a bubble of ignorance, I should say, because adults would lie to us to protect us from the ugly truth.

所以我很天真地，或許也能說是很無知地慢慢長大了。因為大人們總是會撒謊， 不告訴我們醜陋的事實。

And growing up, I found out that adults make a mess, and they're not very good at cleaning up after themselves.

在我長大之後， 我發現大人不但也會把事情搞亂，而且他們並不是很擅長清理事後殘局。

Fast forward, I am an adult now, and I teach citizen science and invention at the Hong Kong Harbour School.

我現在已經是個大人了，在香港港灣小學教公民科學和發明課程。

And it doesn't take too long before my students walk on a beach and stumble upon piles of trash.

過了沒多久，我的學生就在沙灘上發現了大堆的垃圾 。

So as good citizens, we clean up the beaches -- and no, he is not drinking alcohol, and if he is, I did not give it to him.

所以作為好公民， 我們清理了沙灘上的垃圾。嗯他不是在喝酒，就算是， 酒也不是我給的。

And so it's sad to say, but today more than 80 percent of the oceans have plastic in them. It's a horrifying fact.

很悲哀的是，在今日有超過 80% 的海洋空間裡有塑膠垃圾。這是一個很駭人的事實 。

And in past decades, we've been taking those big ships out and those big nets, and we collect those plastic bits that we look at under a microscope, and we sort them, and then we put this data onto a map.

在過去幾十年裡我們開著大船，用巨大的魚網撈起海裡的塑膠，並把它們放到顯微鏡下觀察，接著把塑膠分類，然後把收集到的資料放在地圖上。

But that takes forever, it's very expensive, and so it's quite risky to take those big boats out.

但這需要很多的時間，成本很高，而且用開這些大船出海是很有風險的 。

So with my students, ages 6 to 15, we've been dreaming of inventing a better way.

我和我從 6 歲到 15 歲不等的學生們便一直夢想著發明出一個更好的方法來處理 。

So we've transformed our tiny Hong Kong classroom into a workshop.

所以我們便把這個小小的香港教室轉變成了一個工作室。

And so we started building this small workbench, with different heights, so even really short kids can participate.

我們建造了一個高度可以調整的小型工作台，讓矮小的學生也能參與。

And let me tell you, kids with power tools are awesome and safe.

你也許不知道， 小孩使用重型工具其實很棒也很安全。

Not really.

剛剛是說笑的。

And so, back to plastic.

所以，回到塑膠這個主題。

We collect this plastic and we grind it to the size we find it in the ocean, which is very small because it breaks down.

我們收集了一些塑膠， 把它研磨到在海洋中發現時的大小。因為塑膠在海裡會被分解，所以最後會變成非常的小。

And so this is how we work.

然後這是我們工作的方式。

I let the imaginations of my students run wild.

我讓學生們自由想像。

And my job is to try to collect the best of each kid's idea, and try to combine it into something that hopefully would work.

我的工作是從他們的想法中挑出最好的部分，並嘗試把這些部分合併成一個有效的方案。

And so we have agreed that instead of collecting plastic bits, we are going to collect only the data.

所以我們決定了不收集海洋垃圾，改而收集相關數據。

So we're going to get an image of the plastic with a robot -- so robots, kids get very excited.

我們會用機器人來取得塑膠垃圾的影像。而一說到機器人，孩子們便都開始興奮了起來。

And the next thing we do -- we do what we call "rapid prototyping."

我們接下來做了「快速原型」。

We are so rapid at prototyping that the lunch is still in the lunchbox when we're hacking it.

我們做快速原型的速度超快，因此當我們做完時，午餐還在盒子裏面。

And we hack table lamps and webcams, into plumbing fixtures and we assemble that into a floating robot that will be slowly moving through the water and through the plastic that we have there -- and this is the image that we get in the robot.

我們把檯燈和網路攝影機安裝到抽水系統上，然後把它合裝成一個可以在水上緩慢移動的機器人，並從中拍攝塑膠垃圾影像。這是其中一個機器人收集到的影像。

So we see the plastic pieces floating slowly through the sensor, and the computer on board will process this image, and measure the size of each particle, so we have a rough estimate of how much plastic there is in the water.

我們可以看到塑膠碎片慢慢流過感應器，而電腦會分析這些影像並計算出每顆塑膠的大小，讓我們可以粗略估算出水裡有多少塑膠。

So we documented this invention step by step on a website for inventors called Instructables, in the hope that somebody would make it even better.

我們把這個發明的過程紀錄了下來，並發佈在一個叫做 Instructables 的發明家社群上，期望著有人可以將它改良得更好。

What was really cool about this project was that the students saw a local problem, and boom -- they are trying to immediately address it. [I can investigate my local problem]

這個項目的有趣之處在於，學生看到了一個本地問題後，竟能直接馬上開始嘗試解決它。[我可以研究在身邊發現的問題]

But my students in Hong Kong are hyperconnected kids.

但我在香港的學生很會利用網路。

And they watch the news, they watch the Internet, and they came across this image.

他們會看新聞和上網，然後剛好看到了這張照片。

This was a child, probably under 10, cleaning up an oil spill bare-handed, in the Sundarbans, which is the world's largest mangrove forest in Bangladesh.

在孟加拉孫德爾本斯地區， 全球最大的紅樹林之一，一個不到 10 歲的小孩正赤手空拳地處理油污。

So they were very shocked, because this is the water they drink, this is the water they bathe in, this is the water they fish in -- this is the place where they live.

我的學生們看到後非常震驚。因為這是供當地居民飲用、洗澡、捕魚的水域。這地方就是他們的家。

And also you can see the water is brown, the mud is brown and oil is brown, so when everything is mixed up, it's really hard to see what's in the water.

你可以看到水很汙濁。泥土和油污都是棕色的，所以當它們被混在水中時，便很難看到水裡到底有什麼東西。

But, there's a technology that's rather simple, that's called spectrometry, that allows you see what's in the water.

不過有一種蠻簡單的科技叫做光譜測量儀，它能讓你看到水裡有什麼東西。

So we built a rough prototype of a spectrometer, and you can shine light through different substances that produce different spectrums, so that can help you identify what's in the water.

所以我們做了一個光譜測量的快速原型。你可以把光線照射到不同的物質上並藉此產出不同的光譜，幫助你分辨出水裡含有什麼物質。

So we packed this prototype of a sensor, and we shipped it to Bangladesh.

我們把這個感應器原型包裝好寄到了孟加拉。

So what was cool about this project was that beyond addressing a local problem, or looking at a local problem, my students used their empathy and their sense of being creative to help, remotely, other kids. [I can investigate a remote problem]

這個項目有趣的地方在於它不只是解決或是研究一個本地問題。我的學生們運用同理心和創意，幫助到了遠方的其他孩子。 [我可以研究一個遠方的問題]

So I was very compelled by doing the second experiments, and I wanted to take it even further -- maybe addressing an even harder problem, and it's also closer to my heart.

做完這些實驗後，我得到很多動力，想要把這些計劃更推進一步：可能是解決更複雜的問題， 或是我做些我心頭上更在意的問題。

So I'm half Japanese and half French, and maybe you remember in 2011 there was a massive earthquake in Japan.

我是日法混血兒。你可能記得在 2011 年時，日本發生了一場巨大的地震。

It was so violent that it triggered several giant waves -- they are called tsunami -- and those tsunami destroyed many cities on the eastern coast of Japan.

地震嚴重到引發了好幾波被稱作海嘯的巨浪，並摧毀了日本東海岸上許多的城市。

More than 14,000 people died in an instant.

超過 14000 人的生命在一瞬間逝去。

Also, it damaged the nuclear power plant of Fukushima, the nuclear power plant just by the water.

海嘯也破壞了福島正好座落於海邊的核電廠。

And today, I read the reports and an average of 300 tons are leaking from the nuclear power plant into the Pacific Ocean.

我依據多個報告的平均數據，算出在今日約有 300 噸的核污水正從核電廠流到太平洋。

And today the whole Pacific Ocean has traces of contamination of cesium-137.

所以目前整個太平洋中都含有微量的銫 - 137 元素。

If you go outside on the West Coast, you can measure Fukushima everywhere.

如果你到美國西岸， 到處都可以測量到福島的痕跡。

But if you look at the map, it could look like most of the radioactivity has been washed away from the Japanese coast, and most of it is now -- it looks like it's safe, it's blue.

但當你看著地圖， 似乎大部分的核元素都被海水帶離了日本的海岸。大部分的海域呈現著表示是安全的藍色。

Well, reality is a bit more complicated than this.

這個嘛，其實現實情況比乍看之下還要複雜。

So I've been going to Fukushima every year since the accident, and I measure independently and with other scientists, on land, in the river -- and this time we wanted to take the kids.

核災後我每年都會到福島一次，並和其他科學家在土地上與河流中一起進行獨立調查，而這次，我們想帶上孩子們一起前往福島。

So of course we didn't take the kids, the parents wouldn't allow that to happen.

當然我們沒有真的把他們帶到現場， 他們的父母肯定不會尤許的。

But every night we would report to "Mission Control" -- different masks they're wearing.

但每晚我們都會向戴著不同面具的「任務總部」報告。

It could look like they didn't take the work seriously, but they really did because they're going to have to live with radioactivity their whole life.

這讓他們看起來好像並沒有那麼嚴肅以對， 但其實他們很認真對待這個議題，因為在他們接下來的人生中得面對這些輻射。

And so what we did with them is that we'd discuss the data we collected that day, and talk about where we should be going next -- strategy, itinerary, etc...

所以我們做的是討論當天收集到的數據，並思考我們接下來要做什麼，以及策略、路線圖等等。

And to do this, we built a very rough topographical map of the region around the nuclear power plant.

為了做到這點，我們弄了一個很簡單的地形圖，顯示出核電廠附近的地區。

And so we built the elevation map, we sprinkled pigments to represent real-time data for radioactivity, and we sprayed water to simulate the rainfall.

我們做了一個立視圖，然後在上面灑上顏料顯示輻射分佈的實時數據，並在上面灑水來模擬降雨。

And with this we could see that the radioactive dust was washing from the top of the mountain into the river system, and leaking into the ocean.

如此一來我們便能看到輻射粉塵從山上被沖洗到河川裡，然後流到大海的模擬狀況。

So it was a rough estimate.

這是一個粗略的估算。

But with this in mind, we organized this expedition, which was the closest civilians have been to the nuclear power plant.

做完這個以後，我們組織了一次探索行動。這是平民最靠近核電廠的一次。

We are sailing 1.5 kilometers away from the nuclear power plant, and with the help of the local fisherman, we are collecting sediment from the seabed with a custom sediment sampler we've invented and built.

在當地漁民的幫助之下，我們在距離核電廠 1.5 公里的海面上，利用我們自行發明與製作的工具收集了海床上的沉澱物。

We pack the sediment into small bags, we then dispatch them to hundreds of small bags that we send to different universities, and we produce the map of the seabed radioactivity, especially in estuaries where the fish will reproduce.

我們把沉澱物裝進小塑膠袋裡，將數以百計的袋子寄送到了不同的大學。我們還特別針對了魚類繁殖的河口處，做了一個海床輻射地圖。

And I will hope that we will have improved the safety of the local fishermen and of your favorite sushi.

希望藉此能讓當地漁民和你最愛的壽司變得更安全一點。

You can see a progression here -- we've gone from a local problem to a remote problem to a global problem.

你可以看到整個計劃的進步。我們從本地的問題開始，然後是遠方的問題，再到全球問題。

And it's been super exciting to work at these different scales, with also very simple, open-source technologies.

這些規模不一的項目非常讓人興奮，而我們使用的也都是開源而簡單的科技。

But at the same time, it's been increasingly frustrating because we have only started to measure the damage that we have done.

但是於此同時，我們也因為我們只是測量了過去造成了多大的傷害而逐漸感到挫折。

We haven't even started to try to solve the problems.

我們甚至還沒有開始解決問題。

And so I even wonder if we should just take a leap and try to invent better ways to do all these things.

所以我想，也許我們可以更進一步發明一些更好的方案。

And so the classroom started to feel a little bit small, so we found an industrial site in Hong Kong, and we turned it into the largest mega-space focused on social and environmental impact.

如此一來教室就顯得有點太狹小了。因此我們找到了一個香港的工業大廈，並把它變成了當地最大的多用途空間，希望可以在社會創新和環境上出一份力。

It's in central Hong Kong, and it's a place we can work with wood, metal, chemistry, a bit of biology, a bit of optics, basically you can build pretty much everything there.

它在香港的市中心，而我們可以在那裏做木工、金工、 化學實驗，甚至還能牽涉到一點生物學、一點光學的實驗。基本上你可以在這裡動手做出任何東西。

And its a place where adults and kids can play together.

這是一個大人和小孩可以一起玩耍的地方。

It's a place where kids' dreams can come true, with the help of adults, and where adults can be kids again.

小孩的夢想可以在大人的幫助下在此成真，而大人也可以在此重新體驗當孩子的感覺。

Acceleration! Acceleration!

快點！快點！

We're asking questions such as, "Can we invent the future of mobility with renewable energy?", for example.

我們會提出像是：「我們可以用再生能源創造未來的移動方式嗎？ 」之類的問題。

Or, "Can we help the mobility of the aging population by transforming very standard wheelchairs into cool, electric vehicles?"

又或是：「我們能不能幫助老年人用更酷的電動車取代標準輪椅？」

So plastic, oil and radioactivity are horrible, horrible legacies, but the very worst legacy that we can leave our children are lies.

我們為下一代所留下的塑膠、石油和輻射污染是很糟糕，但我們所留下最差勁的遺產其實是對孩子的謊言。

We can no longer afford to shield the kids from the ugly truth because we need their imagination to invent the solutions.

我們不能再對小孩隱瞞醜陋的真相，因為我們需要藉由他們的想像力來發明出解決方案。

So citizen scientists, makers, dreamers -- we must prepare the next generation that cares about the environment and people, and that can actually do something about it. [Imagination is more important than knowledge. | Albert Einstein]

所以，公民科學家、製作者、夢想家們，我們一定要培育好下個世代，讓他們關心環境和人類，他們才能真正做出改變。[想像力比知識還重要。| 愛因斯坦]

Thank you.

謝謝。