Many of you may have heard of the Lakota,

拉科塔人對於在座的許多人應該不陌生了，

or at least the larger group of tribes

至少也聽說過他們所屬的部落

called the Sioux.

蘇族。

The Lakota are one of many tribes that were moved off their land

拉科塔人是眾多被迫離開家園的印第安人。

to prisoner of war camps

他們淪為戰俘，被驅趕到集中營裡，

now called reservations.

也就是所謂的保留地。

The Pine Ridge Reservation,

松嶺印地安人保留地，

the subject of today's slide show,

就是今天攝影集的主題，

is located about 75 miles southeast

它位於南達科他州黑崗

of the Black Hills in South Dakota.

東南方向75英里處。

It is sometimes referred to

它的別名是

as Prisoner of War Camp Number 334,

334 號戰俘集中營。

and it is where the Lakota now live.

這裡就是現在拉科塔人的居住地。

Now, if any of you have ever heard of AIM,

如果你們有人聽說過 AIM，

the American Indian Movement,

也就是美國印第安人運動,

or of Russell Means,

還是你們有聽過 羅素·敏斯

or Leonard Peltier,

或是里奧納多‧波地爾

or of the stand-off at Oglala,

或是奧加拉拉對峙事件，

then you know that Pine Ridge is ground zero

那麼你肯定知道，在美國，松嶺保留地

for Native issues in the U.S.

就是印第安人問題的發生地。

So I've been asked to talk a little bit today

今天，我被邀來這裡簡單介紹

about my relationship with the Lakota,

我和拉科塔人之間的關係，

and that's a very difficult one for me.

這我來說難能可貴。

Because, if you haven't noticed from my skin color,

因為，你們如果注意到我的膚色，

I'm white,

就知道我是白人，

and that is a huge barrier on a Native reservation.

這在印第安人保留地是一大禁忌。

You'll see a lot of people in my photographs today,

今天展示的照片中有形形色色的人，

and I've become very close with them, and they've welcomed me like family.

我有幸成為他們的朋友，他們待我如親人一般。

They've called me "brother" and "uncle"

他們待我如兄長，

and invited me again and again over five years.

在過去的五年裡一次又一次邀我，

But on Pine Ridge,

儘管如此，在松嶺，

I will always be what is called "wasichu,"

我永遠被視為wasichu,

and "wasichu" is a Lakota word

wasichu是拉科塔語，

that means "non-Indian,"

意思是非印第安人，

but another version of this word

而這個詞還有另一個含義，

means "the one who takes the best meat for himself."

意思是搶走上等好肉的人。

And that's what I want to focus on --

這就是我今天的主題 --

the one who takes the best part of the meat.

搶走上等好肉的人。

It means greedy.

這意味著貪婪。

So take a look around this auditorium today.

大家四下看看。

We are at a private school in the American West,

我們身處美國西部一所私立學校裡，

sitting in red velvet chairs

坐在紅色絲絨的椅子上，

with money in our pockets.

荷包鼓鼓。

And if we look at our lives,

如果我們稍稍自省，

we have indeed taken

就不難發現，

the best part of the meat.

我們的確搶走了上等好肉。

So let's look today at a set of photographs

我們來好好看看這些圖片，

of a people who lost

看看我們如何奪走了

so that we could gain,

本屬於另外一群人的生活。

and know that when you see these people's faces

不僅如此，當看到這些人的臉時，

that these are not just images of the Lakota;

你知道他們不僅代表了拉科塔人，

they stand for all indigenous people.

還代表了所有印第安土著。

On this piece of paper

這張紙上，

is the history the way I learned it

記錄著我從拉科塔朋友和家人那裡

from my Lakota friends and family.

學到的歷史。

The following is a time-line

下面是一組大事年表，

of treaties made, treaties broken

記錄了那些被撕毀了的協約

and massacres disguised as battles.

和一些看似戰鬥實為屠殺的事件。

I'll begin in 1824.

我從1824年講起。

What is known as the Bureau of Indian Affairs

印第安事務管理局

was created within the War Department,

實為美國陸軍部下屬部門

setting an early tone of aggression

一開始就在對待美國原住民事務上

in our dealings with the Native Americans.

充滿敵意。

1851:

1851年:

The first treaty of Fort Laramie was made,

第一次《拉勒米堡條約》，

clearly marking the boundaries of the Lakota Nation.

明確劃定了拉科塔人的領土分界線。

According to the treaty,

根據條約，

those lands are a sovereign nation.

分界線以內的土地構成一個主權國家。

If the boundaries of this treaty had held --

如果條約劃定的界限還在，

and there is a legal basis that they should --

同時還有法源依據

then this is what the U.S. would look like today.

那麼這才是美國今天的模樣。

10 years later,

十年以後，

the Homestead Act, signed by President Lincoln,

由林肯總統親自簽署的《公地放領法》

unleashed a flood of white settlers into Native lands.

放任白人殖民者蜂擁闖入原駐民領地。

1863:

1863年:

An uprising of Santee Sioux in Minnesota

明尼蘇達州發生蘇族的支部桑蒂人起義，

ends with the hanging of 38 Sioux men,

結果38名蘇人被絞死，

the largest mass execution in U.S. history.

這成為美國歷史上最大規模的絞刑。

The execution was ordered by President Lincoln

下令行刑的正是林肯總統，

only two days after

而就在兩天前，

he signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

他剛剛簽署了《解放奴隸宣言》。

1866: the beginning of the transcontinental railroad --

1866年，跨大陸鐵路開始動工 --

a new era.

新時代開始了。

We appropriated land for trails and trains

為了優化鐵路路線，

to shortcut through the heart of the Lakota Nation.

我們抄捷徑直穿拉科塔腹地。

The treaties were out the window.

所有條約都被束之高閣。

In response, three tribes led by the Lakota chief Red Cloud

拉科達酋長紅雲率領的三個部落進行反擊，

attacked and defeated the U.S. army many times over.

他們攻打並屢次戰勝了美國軍隊。

I want to repeat that part.

我想再強調一遍。

The Lakota defeat the U.S. army.

拉科塔人戰勝了美國軍隊。

1868: The second Fort Laramie Treaty

1868年: 第二次《拉勒米堡條約》

clearly guarantees the sovereignty of the Great Sioux Nation

清清楚楚地承諾保證蘇族的主權地位

and the Lakotas' ownership of the sacred Black Hills.

並承認神聖的黑崗為拉科塔所有。

The government also promises land and hunting rights

政府另外還承諾他們在其領地周圍各州

in the surrounding states.

享有土地和狩獵權。

We promise that the Powder River country

我們承諾白人一律不許踏入

will henceforth be closed to all whites.

屬於印第安人的粉河地帶。

The treaty seemed to be a complete victory

這個條約表面上是紅雲酋長

for Red Cloud and the Sioux.

以及蘇人的完美勝利勝。

In fact, this is the only war in American history

而實質上，這是美國歷史上

in which the government negotiated a peace

政府唯一一次為了停戰

by conceding everything demanded by the enemy.

而完全屈從於敵人的要求。

1869:

1869年:

The transcontinental railroad was completed.

跨大陸鐵路竣工。

It began carrying, among other things, a large number of hunters

成千上萬的獵戶搭著火車來到蘇人的領地，

who began the wholesale killing of buffalo,

他們開始成批地捕殺野牛,

eliminating a source of food and clothing and shelter for the Sioux.

使得蘇人賴以生存的生活資料來源瀕臨滅絕。

1871:

1871年:

The Indian Appropriation Act

印第安人撥款法案

makes all Indians wards of the federal government.

讓所有印第安人都受到聯邦政府的管轄。

In addition, the military issued orders

不僅如此，美國軍隊下令

forbidding western Indians from leaving reservations.

禁止西部的印第安人離開保留地。

All western Indians at that point in time

從此以後，所有西部印第安人

were now prisoners of war.

都成為了戰後囚徒。

Also in 1871,

另外，1871年，

we ended the time of treaty-making.

我們停止制定條約。

The problem with treaties is they allow tribes to exist as sovereign nations,

條約只會允許印第安部落享有主權，

and we can't have that.

但我們不能接受。

We had plans.

我們自有對策。

1874:

1874年:

General George Custer announced the discovery of gold in Lakota territory,

喬治‧卡斯特 將軍宣佈在拉科塔地區發現了金礦，

specifically the Black Hills.

位置就在黑崗。

The news of gold creates a massive influx of white settlers

這一消息引得白人移民者蜂擁

into Lakota Nation.

闖入拉科塔領地。

Custer recommends that Congress find a way

卡斯特向國會提議

to end the treaties with the Lakota

儘快解除

as soon as possible.

與拉科塔人定下的條約。

1875: The Lakota war begins

1875年: 美國撕毀《拉勒米堡條約》，

over the violation of the Fort Laramie Treaty.

拉科達戰爭爆發。

1876:

1876年:

On July 26th

7月26日

on its way to attack a Lakota village,

卡斯特將軍率領的第七騎兵

Custer's 7th Cavalry was crushed

在攻打一個拉科塔村莊時全軍覆沒，

at the battle of Little Big Horn.

這就是著名的小盤羊戰役。

1877:

1877年:

The great Lakota warrior and chief named Crazy Horse

偉大的拉科塔勇士瘋馬酋長

surrendered at Fort Robinson.

於羅賓遜堡投降。

He was later killed while in custody.

他之後在關押期間被殺害。

1877 is also the year we found a way

1877年，我們成功地

to get around the Fort Laramie Treaties.

解除了所有《拉勒米堡條約》。

A new agreement was presented to Sioux chiefs and their leading men

一項新協議擺在了蘇人各部酋長以及他們副手的面前，

under a campaign known as "sell or starve:"

這次運動被稱為“不賣地就餓死”

Sign the paper, or no food for your tribe.

要麼在協議上簽字，要麼你的部落就等著挨餓。

Only 10 percent of the adult male population signed.

只有百分之十的成年男子簽了字。

The Fort Laramie Treaty

《拉勒米堡條約》

called for at least three-quarters of the tribe

要求一個部落中至少四分之三的人簽字同意

to sign away land.

才能出讓土地。

That clause was obviously ignored.

這一條款很顯然已經被忽略不計了。

1887: The Dawes Act.

1887:《道斯法案》。

Communal ownership of reservation lands ends.

保留地公有的時代就此終結。

Reservations are cut up into 160-acre sections

保留地被分割成塊，每塊地為160英畝，

and distributed to individual Indians

分配給每個印第安人

with the surplus disposed of.

剩餘的部分則被割走。

Tribes lost millions of acres.

印第安部落損失了上百萬英畝土地。

The American dream of individual land ownership

美國人為了實現

turned out to be a very clever way

就不擇手段

to divide the reservation until nothing was left.

將保留地瓜分待盡。

The move destroyed the reservations,

保留地遭到毀滅性打擊，

making it easier to further subdivide and to sell

變得更容易讓下一代人

with every passing generation.

進一步瓜分。

Most of the surplus land

那些瓜分剩下的土地

and many of the plots within reservation boundaries

以及許多保留地內的地塊

are now in the hands of white ranchers.

現在都成了白人農場主的囊中之物。

Once again, the fat of the land goes to wasichu.

最肥沃的土地再次落入wasichu手裡

1890, a date I believe to be

1890年，我認為是幻燈片上

the most important in this slide show.

最重要的一個日期。

This is the year of the Wounded Knee Massacre.

就在這一年，“傷膝河慘案”發生了。

On December 29th,

12月29日，

U.S. troops surrounded a Sioux encampment at Wounded Knee Creek

美國軍隊包圍了蘇人駐紮在傷膝河的營地，

and massacred Chief Big Foot

並在那裡屠殺了“大腳”酋長

and 300 prisoners of war,

以及其他300多名戰俘，

using a new rapid-fire weapon

他們使用的是一種能夠進行掃射的

that fired exploding shells

新式武器 －

called a Hotchkiss gun.

機關槍。

For this so-called "battle,"

為了這場所謂的戰役，

20 Congressional Medals of Honor for Valor

國會將 20 枚榮譽勳章

were given to the 7th Cavalry.

授予了第七騎兵團以表彰他們的驍勇善戰。

To this day,

直到今天，

this is the most Medals of Honor

這是歷史上國會授予最多榮譽勳章的

ever awarded for a single battle.

單次戰役。

More Medals of Honor were given

這一次對無辜婦女兒童的殘酷屠殺

for the indiscriminate slaughter of women and children

所獲得的榮譽勳章

than for any battle in World War One,

多於第一次世界大戰，

World War Two,

第二次世界大戰，

Korea, Vietnam,

朝鮮戰爭、越南戰爭、

Iraq or Afghanistan.

伊拉克戰爭或阿富汗戰爭中的任何一次戰役。

The Wounded Knee massacre

“傷膝河慘案”

is considered the end of the Indian wars.

被認為是印第安戰爭的結束

Whenever I visit the site

每一次

of the mass grave at Wounded Knee,

去傷膝河公墓，

I see it not just as a grave

我看到的

for the Lakota or for the Sioux,

不僅僅是拉科塔人或蘇人的墳墓，

but as a grave for all indigenous peoples.

而是所有原住民的墳墓。

The holy man, Black Elk, said,

印第安聖人黑麋鹿曾說：

"I did not know then

「我不知道當時

how much was ended.

死了多少人。

When I look back now

每當回首

from this high hill of my old age,

那座飽經滄桑的高山，

I can still see the butchered women and children

沿著那條蜿蜒的小河

lying heaped and scattered

我依然能看見那些婦女兒童,

all along the crooked gulch

屍橫遍地，

as plain as when I saw them

這和我年輕時親見的場景

with eyes still young.

一般清晰。

And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud

我能看到在那鮮血染紅的泥土中還有另一樣東西也被扼殺了，

and was buried in the blizzard:

最後被暴風雪所埋葬。

A people's dream died there,

一個民族的夢想在那裡湮滅

and it was a beautiful dream."

那曾是個多麼美好的夢想。”

With this event,

事件發生以後，

a new era in Native American history began.

美國原住民的歷史進入新的篇章。

Everything can be measured

“傷膝河慘案” 發生之前，

before Wounded Knee and after.

一切都是可以衡量的。

Because it was in this moment

因為現在美國政府

with the fingers on the triggers of the Hotchkiss guns

一邊做出扣動扳機的姿態，

that the U.S. government openly declared its position on Native rights.

美國政府公開宣佈對原住民權力的立場

They were tired of treaties.

他們厭倦了條約。

They were tired of sacred hills.

厭倦了聖山。

They were tired of ghost dances.

厭倦了鬼舞。

And they were tired of all the inconveniences of the Sioux.

他們厭倦了蘇人給他們帶來的種種不便。

So they brought out their cannons.

於是他們搬出了大炮。

"You want to be an Indian now?" they said,

要脅: 「你們還做印第安人是嗎?」

finger on the trigger.

同時作勢開槍。

1900:

1900年:

the U.S. Indian population reached its low point --

美國原駐民人口跌至歷史最低點:

less than 250,000,

不足二十五萬人，

compared to an estimated eight million

遠遠少於 1492 年的

in 1492.

八百萬人。

Fast-forward.

再將時間拉近一點。

1980:

1980年:

The longest running court case in U.S. history,

美國歷史上耗時最長的官司

the Sioux Nation v. the United States,

在蘇族和美國政府之間展開，

was ruled upon by the U.S. Supreme Court.

審理的是美國最高法庭。

The court determined that, when the Sioux were resettled onto reservations

法院裁決，蘇人重歸保留地時，

and seven million acres of their land

同時將七百萬英畝土地

were opened up to prospectors and homesteaders,

開放給探礦者和自耕農，

the terms of the second Fort Laramie Treaty

違反了第二次《拉勒米堡條約》

had been violated.

的條款。

The court stated

法院陳述說

that the Black Hills were illegally taken

黑崗是被非法佔有的，

and that the initial offering price plus interest

政府應當連本帶息

should be paid to the Sioux Nation.

向蘇族買下黑崗。

As payment for the Black Hills,

為買下黑崗，

the court awarded only 106 million dollars

法院只承諾給蘇族

to the Sioux Nation.

區區一億零六百萬美元。

The Sioux refused the money with the rallying cry,

蘇人集體抗議，拒絕收錢，

"The Black Hills are not for sale."

他們呐喊，“決不賣黑崗”。

2010:

2010年:

Statistics about Native population today,

今天關於原住民的資料顯示，

more than a century after the massacre at Wounded Knee,

傷膝河大屠殺過了一個多世紀之後，

reveal the legacy of colonization,

殖民地化，強制搬遷，

forced migration

違反條約等活動所產生的後遺症

and treaty violations.

逐漸暴露。

Unemployment on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation

松嶺印第安人保留地的失業率

fluctuates between 85 and 90 percent.

一直高達百分之八十五甚至百分之九十。

The housing office is unable to build new structures,

房屋事務管理部門無力建設新的基礎設施，

and existing structures are falling apart.

而現存的設施卻漸漸崩塌。

Many are homeless,

不少人流離失所，

and those with homes are packed into rotting buildings