He said, "I'm working with three friends,

and we're going to try to disrupt an industry by selling stuff online."

And I said, "OK, you guys spent the whole summer on this, right?"

"No, we all took internships just in case it doesn't work out."

"All right, but you're going to go in full time once you graduate."

"Not exactly. We've all lined up backup jobs."

Six months go by,

it's the day before the company launches,

and there is still not a functioning website.

"You guys realize, the entire company is a website.

That's literally all it is."

So I obviously declined to invest.

And they ended up naming the company Warby Parker.

(Laughter)

They sell glasses online.

They were recently recognized as the world's most innovative company

and valued at over a billion dollars.

And now? My wife handles our investments.

Why was I so wrong?

To find out, I've been studying people that I come to call "originals."

Originals are nonconformists,

people who not only have new ideas

but take action to champion them.

They are people who stand out and speak up.

Originals drive creativity and change in the world.

They're the people you want to bet on.

And they look nothing like I expected.

I want to show you today three things I've learned

about recognizing originals

and becoming a little bit more like them.

So the first reason that I passed on Warby Parker

was they were really slow getting off the ground.

Now, you are all intimately familiar with the mind of a procrastinator.

Well, I have a confession for you. I'm the opposite. I'm a precrastinator.

Yes, that's an actual term.

You know that panic you feel a few hours before a big deadline

when you haven't done anything yet.

I just feel that a few months ahead of time.

(Laughter)

So this started early: when I was a kid, I took Nintendo games very seriously.

I would wake up at 5am,

start playing and not stop until I had mastered them.

Eventually it got so out of hand that a local newspaper came

and did a story on the dark side of Nintendo, starring me.

(Laughter)

(Applause)

Since then, I have traded hair for teeth.

(Laughter)

But this served me well in college,

because I finished my senior thesis four months before the deadline.

And I was proud of that, until a few years ago.

I had a student named Jihae, who came to me and said,

"I have my most creative ideas when I'm procrastinating."

And I was like, "That's cute, where are the four papers you owe me?"

(Laughter)

No, she was one of our most creative students,

and as an organizational psychologist, this is the kind of idea that I test.

So I challenged her to get some data.

She goes into a bunch of companies.

She has people fill out surveys about how often they procrastinate.

Then she gets their bosses to rate how creative and innovative they are.

And sure enough, the precrastinators like me,

who rush in and do everything early

are rated as less creative

than people who procrastinate moderately.

So I want to know what happens to the chronic procrastinators.

She was like, "I don't know. They didn't fill out my survey."

(Laughter)

No, here are our results.

You actually do see that the people who wait until the last minute

are so busy goofing off that they don't have any new ideas.

And on the flip side, the people who race in

are in such a frenzy of anxiety that they don't have original thoughts either.

There's a sweet spot where originals seem to live.

Why is this?

Maybe original people just have bad work habits.

Maybe procrastinating does not cause creativity.

To find out, we designed some experiments.

We asked people to generate new business ideas,

and then we get independent readers

to evaluate how creative and useful they are.

And some of them are asked to do the task right away.

Others we randomly assign to procrastinate

by dangling Minesweeper in front of them

for either five or 10 minutes.

And sure enough, the moderate procrastinators

are 16 percent more creative than the other two groups.

Now, Minesweeper is awesome, but it's not the driver of the effect,

because if you play the game first before you learn about the task,

there's no creativity boost.

It's only when you're told that you're going to be working on this problem,

and then you start procrastinating,

but the task is still active in the back of your mind,

that you start to incubate.

Procrastination gives you time to consider divergent ideas,

to think in nonlinear ways, to make unexpected leaps.

So just as we were finishing these experiments,

I was starting to write a book about originals,

and I thought, "This is the perfect time to teach myself to procrastinate,

while writing a chapter on procrastination."

So I metaprocrastinated,

and like any self-respecting precrastinator,

I woke up early the next morning

and I made a to-do list with steps on how to procrastinate.

(Laughter)

And then I worked diligently

toward my goal of not making progress toward my goal.

I started writing the procrastination chapter,

and one day -- I was halfway through --

I literally put it away in mid-sentence

for months.

It was agony.

But when I came back to it, I had all sorts of new ideas.

As Aaron Sorkin put it,

"You call it procrastinating. I call it thinking."

And along the way I discovered

that a lot of great originals in history were procrastinators.

Take Leonardo da Vinci.

He toiled on and off for 16 years

on the Mona Lisa.

He felt like a failure.

He wrote as much in his journal.

But some of the diversions he took in optics

transformed the way that he modeled light

and made him into a much better painter.

What about Martin Luther King, Jr.?

The night before the biggest speech of his life,

the March on Washington,

he was up past 3am, rewriting it.

He's sitting in the audience waiting for his turn to go onstage,

and he is still scribbling notes and crossing out lines.

When he gets onstage, 11 minutes in,

he leaves his prepared remarks

to utter four words that changed the course of history:

"I have a dream."

That was not in the script.

By delaying the task of finalizing the speech until the very last minute,

he left himself open to the widest range of possible ideas.

And because the text wasn't set in stone,

he had freedom to improvise.

Procrastinating is a vice when it comes to productivity,

but it can be a virtue for creativity.

What you see with a lot of great originals

is that they are quick to start but they're slow to finish.

And this is what I missed with Warby Parker.

When they were dragging their heels for six months,

I looked at them and said,

"You know, a lot of other companies are starting to sell glasses online."

They missed the first-mover advantage.

But what I didn't realize was they were spending all that time

trying to figure out how to get people

to be comfortable ordering glasses online.

And it turns out the first-mover advantage is mostly a myth.

Look at a classic study of over 50 product categories,

comparing the first movers who created the market

with the improvers who introduced something different and better.

What you see is that the first movers had a failure rate of 47 percent,

compared with only 8 percent for the improvers.

Look at Facebook, waiting to build a social network

until after Myspace and Friendster.

Look at Google, waiting for years after Altavista and Yahoo.

It's much easier to improve on somebody else's idea

than it is to create something new from scratch.

So the lesson I learned is that to be original you don't have to be first.

You just have to be different and better.

But that wasn't the only reason I passed on Warby Parker.

They were also full of doubts.

They had backup plans lined up,

and that made me doubt that they had the courage to be original,

because I expected that originals would look something like this.

(Laughter)

Now, on the surface,

a lot of original people look confident,

but behind the scenes,

they feel the same fear and doubt that the rest of us do.

They just manage it differently.

Let me show you: this is a depiction

of how the creative process works for most of us.

(Laughter)

Now, in my research, I discovered there are two different kinds of doubt.

There's self-doubt and idea doubt.

Self-doubt is paralyzing.

It leads you to freeze.

But idea doubt is energizing.

It motivates you to test, to experiment, to refine,

just like MLK did.

And so the key to being original

is just a simple thing

of avoiding the leap from step three to step four.

Instead of saying, "I'm crap,"

you say, "The first few drafts are always crap,

and I'm just not there yet."

So how do you get there?

Well, there's a clue, it turns out,

in the Internet browser that you use.

We can predict your job performance and your commitment

just by knowing what web browser you use.

Now, some of you are not going to like the results of this study --

(Laughter)

But there is good evidence that Firefox and Chrome users

significantly outperform Internet Explorer and Safari users.

Yes.

(Applause)

They also stay in their jobs 15 percent longer, by the way.

Why? It's not a technical advantage.

The four browser groups on average have similar typing speed

and they also have similar levels of computer knowledge.

It's about how you got the browser.

Because if you use Internet Explorer or Safari,

those came preinstalled on your computer,

and you accepted the default option that was handed to you.

If you wanted Firefox or Chrome, you had to doubt the default

and ask, is there a different option out there,

and then be a little resourceful and download a new browser.

So people hear about this study and they're like,

"Great, if I want to get better at my job, I just need to upgrade my browser?"

(Laughter)

No, it's about being the kind of person

who takes the initiative to doubt the default

and look for a better option.

And if you do that well,

you will open yourself up to the opposite of déjà vu.

There's a name for it. It's called vuja de.

(Laughter)

Vuja de is when you look at something you've seen many times before

and all of a sudden see it with fresh eyes.

It's a screenwriter who looks at a movie script

that can't get the green light for more than half a century.

In every past version, the main character has been an evil queen.

But Jennifer Lee starts to question whether that makes sense.

She rewrites the first act,

reinvents the villain as a tortured hero

and Frozen becomes the most successful animated movie ever.

So there's a simple message from this story.

When you feel doubt, don't let it go.

(Laughter)

What about fear?

Originals feel fear, too.

They're afraid of failing,

but what sets them apart from the rest of us