So a few weeks ago, a friend

送了一輛玩具車

of mine gave this toy car to his

給他8歲的兒子

8-year-old son.

這樣的禮物我們通常都是去商場買

But instead of going into a store and buying one,

但他沒有，而是從這個網站

like we do normally, he went to this

下載了一個文檔

website and he downloaded

然後把這個玩具車

a file, and then he printed it

用這台印表機給列印了出來

on this printer.

像這樣

So this idea that you can

用電子設備創作東西

manufacture objects

的理念

digitally using these machines

《經濟學人》雜誌稱其為

is something that The Economist magazine

第三次工業革命

defined as the Third Industrial Revolution.

但我認為現在我們還經歷著另一場革命

Actually, I argue that there is another revolution

一場涉及

going on, and it's the one that has to do with

開源硬體和創客的運動

open-source hardware and the maker's movement,

因為我的朋友使用的這台印表機

because the printer that my friend used

實際上就是開源的

to print the toy is actually open-source.

任何人去這一網站都可以下載

So you go to the same website, you can download all the files

製作這台印表機所需要的各種檔：

that you need in order to make that printer:

施工檔、 硬體、 軟體

the construction files, the hardware, the software,

各種幫助都可以在網上找到

all the instruction is there.

這是一個很大的線上社區

And also this is part of a large

世界各地成千上萬的人

community where there are thousands of people

都聚集在這裡

around the world that are actually

製作像這樣的印表機

making these kinds of printers,

創新時刻都在發生

and there's a lot of innovation

因為一切都是開源的

happening because it's all open-source.

你不需要徵求任何人的同意，就可以製作很棒的東西

You don't need anybody's permission to create something great.

這種市場的問世

And that space is like

就像1976年個人電腦問世一樣

the personal computer in 1976,

蘋果公司和其他電腦公司互相競爭

like the Apples with the other companies are fighting,

幾年後我們也會看到

and we will see in a few years,

這種市場中的蘋果公司出現

there will be the Apple of this kind of market come out.

同樣有趣的是

Well, there's also another interesting thing.

就像我說的，所有的電子元件都是開源的

I said the electronics are open-source, because at the heart

這台機器的關鍵元件 是我個人最為關心的

of this printer there is something I'm really attached to:

Arduino主機板 這台印表機的核心部分

these Arduino boards, the motherboard that sort of

這是我的一個項目

powers this printer, is a project

已經開展七年了

I've been working on for the past seven years.

是一個開源項目

It's an open-source project.

我和這些朋友一起合作

I worked with these friends of mine that I have here.

一共五個人，兩個美國人，兩個義大利人

So the five of us, two Americans, two Italians

一個西班牙人(也指一種植物)

and a Spaniard, we — (Laughter)

這確實，是一個全球項目

You know, it's a worldwide project. (Laughter)

我們都在（義大利）伊夫雷亞

So we came together in this

互動設計研究所工作

design institute called the Interaction Design Institute

這個研究所

Ivrea, which was teaching

研究的是如何

interaction design, this idea that you can take

設計出

design from the simple shape

形狀簡單

of an object and you can move it

但能夠與人互動的設備

forward to design the way you interact with things.

這種設備

Well, when you design an object that's supposed to interact

能夠與人互動

with a human being, if you make a foam model

如果僅僅製作一個手機的泡沫模型，這沒什麼意義

of a mobile phone, it doesn't make any sense.

我們製作出來的東西

You have to have something that

要與人互動才有意義

actually interacts with people.

因此，我們開發了Arduino

So, we worked on Arduino and

以及其他一些項目

a lot of other projects there to

這就給我們的學生建立了簡易的平臺

create platforms that would be

方便他們使用

simple for our students to use,

讓他們有機會製作一些實用的東西

so that our students could just build things that worked,

不過他們沒有五年的時間成為電子工程師， 我們只有一個月時間

but they don't have five years to become an electronics engineer. We have one month.

那麼，如何製作一個孩子都能用的東西呢？

So how do I make something that even a kid can use?

實際上，在Arduino的幫助下

And actually, with Arduino,

像你看到的這個孩子Sylvia

we have kids like Sylvia that you see here,

就能做出自己的東西

that actually make projects with Arduino.

才11歲的孩子

I have 11-year-old kids stop me and show me

就能用Arduino做東西

stuff they built for Arduino that's really

我感覺，一旦給了這些孩子工具

scary to see the capabilities

他們表現出來的能力真的讓人有些害怕

that kids have when you give them the tools.

讓我們看看一些實例

So let's look at what happens when you make a tool

有了這樣一個工具 任何人都可以

that anybody can just pick up and build something quickly,

在它的幫助下很快製作想要的東西

so one of the examples that I like to sort of

先看第一個例子

kick off this discussion is this

這是一個給貓咪餵食的容器

example of this cat feeder.

這個設計的主人有兩隻貓

The gentleman who made this project had two cats.

其中有一隻生病了

One was sick and the other one

所以他必須讓它們

was healthy, so he had to make

分開吃東西

sure they ate the proper food.

於是他設計了這個裝置

So he made this thing that recognizes the cat

通過貓咪項圈內安裝的晶片

from a chip mounted inside

識別貓咪身份

on the collar of the cat, and opens the door

然後開門讓貓咪吃東西

and the cat can eat the food.

這個裝置使用了一張用過的CD播放機

This is made by recycling an old CD player

從一台舊電腦拆下來的

that you can get from an old computer,

還有一些紙板、膠帶、幾個感測器和閃爍的LED顯示幕

some cardboard, tape, couple of sensors, a few blinking LEDs,

就做好了這樣一個工具

and then suddenly you have a tool. You build something

一個市場上買不到的東西

that you cannot find on the market.

有句話說的好：“撓自己的癢”

And I like this phrase: "Scratch your own itch."

如果有自己的想法，就得動手去實現

If you have an idea, you just go and you make it.

這就像在紙上畫畫一樣

This is the equivalent of sketching on paper

只不過是用電子裝置完成的

done with electronics.

這個項目

So one of the features that I

很重要的一個特點

think is important about our work

在於硬體

is that our hardware, on top of

當然首先是義大利傾情製造的

being made with love in Italy —

從電路的背面

as you can see from the

可以看到

back of the circuit — (Laughter)

更重要的是它是開源的

is that it's open,

我們把所有的設計檔

so we publish all the design

都發佈在網上

files for the circuit online,

任何人都可以下載

so you can download it and

在指引下進行製作

you can actually use it to

或者改裝，學習

make something, or to modify, to learn.

我當初學習程式設計的時候

You know, when I was learning about programming,

就是通過看其他人的代碼學習的

I learned by looking at other people's code,

或看其他人發表在雜誌上的電路圖

or looking at other people's circuits in magazines.

通過看其他人的作品來學習

And this is a good way to learn,

這是一種很好的學習方式

by looking at other people's work.

這個專案的各個元件都是開源的

So the different elements of the project are all open,

比如硬體

so the hardware is released

就是在“知識共用授權合約”下公開發佈的

with a Creative Commons license.

我喜歡這種理念

So, you know, I like this idea that hardware becomes

把硬體作為文化的一部分供大家分享和使用

like a piece of culture that you share

就像歌曲或詩歌一樣

and you build upon, like it was

只不過擁有“知識共用”認證

a song or a poem with Creative Commons.

另外，軟體通過“通用公共許可”發佈，也是開源的

Or, the software is GPL, so it's open-source as well.

各種檔和動手教學資源

The documentation and the hands-on teaching

都是開源的，遵循“知識共用授權合約”

methodology is also open-source and released as the Creative Commons.

這個協議只對專案的名稱起保護作用

Just the name is protected so

便於我們能告訴大家

that we can make sure that we can tell people

Arduino到底是什麼

what is Arduino and what isn't.

目前，Arduino包含

Now, Arduino itself is made of

很多不同的開源組件

a lot of different open-source components

這些元件拆開來對於一個12歲的孩子使用起來太難了

that maybe individually are hard to use for

所以Arduino

a 12-year-old kid, so Arduino

將這些元件組合成在一起

wraps everything together into

呈現出一個整體的開源工具

a mashup of open-source technologies

讓用戶們很快就能做好一個東西

where we try to give them the

給他們最好的用戶體驗

best user experience to get something done quickly.

讓我們看看一些例子

So you have situations like this,

在智利，一些用戶

where some people in Chile

決定自己製作電路板，而不去商店買

decided to make their own boards instead of buying them,

建立自己的工作間

to organize a workshop and

或者為了省錢

to save money. Or there are

也有一些公司對Arduino

companies that make their own

做出一些修改

variations of Arduino that fit

以迎合某個市場的需要

in a certain market, and there's

像這樣的改裝

probably, maybe like a 150 of them

目前大概有150個

or something at the moment.

比如這個

This one is made by a company

由一家名叫Adafruit的公司製造

called Adafruit, which is run by

公司老闆是一位名叫Limor Fried的女人

this woman called Limor Fried,

人們也稱她Ladyada

also known as Ladyada, who is

她是開源硬體活動和創客活動的

one of the heroes of the open-source hardware movement

領軍人物之一

and the maker movement.

這是一種新興的理念

So, this idea that you have a new, sort of

在一個活躍的DIY社區裡

turbo-charged DIY community

人們提倡開源

that believes in open-source,

與合作

in collaboration, collaborates

不同地區的人聚集在一起在網上共事

online, collaborates in different spaces.

這是一本叫《Make》的雜誌

There is this magazine called Make that sort of gathered

讓很多志趣相投的人

all these people and sort of put them together

走到一起組成一個社區

as a community, and you see

在這裡，複雜的項目

a very technical project explained in a

通過簡單易懂的語言展示出來，板式也很漂亮

very simple language, beautifully typeset.

也有一些網站，比如這個

Or you have websites,

名叫Instructables

like this one, like Instructables,

人們在這裡互相教學

where people actually teach each other about anything.

我們現在看到的頁面

So this one is about Arduino projects,

正是關於Arduino專案的

the page you see on the screen, but effectively here you can

其實在這個網站你可以學到各式各樣的東西，比如做蛋糕

learn how to make a cake and everything else.

現在讓我們看看其他例子

So let's look at some projects.

這是一個四軸飛行器

So this one is a quadcopter.

一個小型的直升機模型

It's a small model helicopter.

差不多是個玩具吧

In a way, it's a toy, no?

幾年前這還是軍方掌握的技術

And so this one was military technology

現在已經開源了

a few years ago, and now it's

使用方便，網上都買的到

open-source, easy to use, you can buy it online.

這個網站叫DIY Drones，他們設計了一種叫ArduCopter的飛行器

DIY Drones is the community; they do this thing called ArduCopter.

後來有人搞了一個叫Matternet的創業項目

But then somebody actually launched this start-up called

他們發現

Matternet, where they figured out that you could

可以用這個飛行器

use this to actually transport

在非洲的村莊間運送物資

things from one village to another in Africa,

正是因為資料好找

and the fact that this was easy to find,

都是開源的，且易上手

open-source, easy to hack, enabled them

他們很快便成立了公司

to prototype their company really quickly.

同樣，看看這個項目

Or, other projects. Matt Richardson: I'm getting a little sick

“老是聽這些人出現在電視裡講話”

of hearing about the same people on TV over and over and over

“煩死我了，所以我決定採取點行動“

again, so I decided to do something about it.

”於是我做了這個Arduino項目”

This Arduino project,

“我把它叫做“夠了！”

which I call the Enough Already, will mute the TV anytime

“它能在這些上鏡頻率過高的人出現的時候”

any of these over-exposed

“自動將電視靜音”

personalities is mentioned. (Laughter)

“我來演示一下這是怎麼做的”

I'll show you how I made it. (Applause)

仔細聽

MB: Check this out.

“我們的製片人今天碰到Kim Kardashian（美國娛樂界名媛）”

MR: Our producers caught up with Kim Kardashian earlier

“瞭解到她將穿什麼去參加——”

today to find out what she was planning on wearing to her —

咦？

MB: Eh? (Laughter)

“這個效果不錯”

MR: It should do a pretty good

“讓我們不必聽到關於Kim Kardashian”

job of protecting our ears from having to hear about the details

“婚禮的細節”

of Kim Kardashian's wedding.

好。有趣的是

MB: Okay. So, you know, again, what is interesting here

Matt找到了一個模組

is that Matt found this module

可以讓Arduino處理電視信號

that lets Arduino process

同時他還找到了別人寫的一些代碼

TV signals, he found some code

這些代碼可以向電視傳送紅外信號

written by somebody else that generates infrared signals for the TV,

他把找到的這些東西組合在一起，做了這個有趣的東西

put it together and then created this great project.

當然，Arduino也用在

It's also used, Arduino's used,

一些正式的地方，比如大型強子對撞機

in serious places like, you know, the Large Hadron Collider.

這裡有Arduino的部件 在進行一些資料收集

There's some Arduino balls collecting data and sort of

以及參數測量的工作

measuring some parameters.

還可以用在這裡

Or it's used for —

（音樂）

(Music)

這是一個音樂互動媒體

So this is a musical interface

一個義大利學生製作的

built by a student from Italy,

目前他正準備將它商業化

and he's now turning this into

這是一個例子

a product. Because it was a

學生的專案轉變為了產品

student project becoming a product.

另外一個例子。這是一個輔助裝置

Or it can be used to make an assistive device.

這個手套能夠識別手語

This is a glove that understands

能將人作出的手勢

the sign language and transforms

轉化成聲音

the gestures you make into sounds

還可以把字顯示在自帶的螢幕上

and writes the words that you're signing on a display

同樣，這也是靠不同部件組成的

And again, this is made of all different parts you can find

這些部件和Arduino相容 都能在網上買到

on all the websites that sell Arduino-compatible parts,

組合在一起便是成品

and you assemble it into a project.

這是一個紐約大學藝術學院互動媒體中心的項目

Or this is a project from the ITP part of NYU,

這個男孩由於身體有缺陷

where they met with this boy

不能玩PS3

who has a severe disability, cannot play with the PS3,

於是項目組製作了該工具

so they built this device that

讓這孩子能夠玩棒球

allows the kid to play baseball

克服了他自身的

although he has limited

行動缺陷

movement capability.

另外，也有在藝術方面的應用

Or you can find it in arts projects.

這是一台叫txtBomber（“文字炸彈”）的機器

So this is the txtBomber.

將資訊輸進這台機器

So you put a message into this device

然後將其滾過牆面

and then you roll it on the wall, and it basically

因為它帶有電導管

has all these solenoids

能觸發噴霧開關

pressing the buttons on spray cans,

所以只需要將它在牆上一拉過去

so you just pull it over a wall

字就自動寫在了牆上

and it just writes on the wall

這是一些政治宣言

all the political messages.

對

So, yeah. (Applause)

再看看這顆植物

Then we have this plant here.

這叫“植物人”

This is called Botanicalls,

這裡有一個Arduino元件，帶有WI-FI功能

because there's an Arduino ball with a Wi-Fi module

附於這顆植物上

in the plant, and it's measuring

測量它的生長情況

the well-being of the plant,

同時它連接著一個推特帳號

and it's creating a Twitter account

所以我們實際上可以和這顆植物互動

where you can actually interact with the plant. (Laughter)

比如，它會說

So, you know, this plant

“天氣真熱”

will start to say, "This is really hot," or

或者“我現在想喝水”

there's a lot of, you know, "I need water right now." (Laughter)

這就讓這顆植物變得很有個性

So it just gives a personality to your plant.