So yesterday, you'll recall that we focused on these topics here.

所以昨天，你會記得， 我們針對這些主題在這裡。

So we had four overarching topics-- privacy, security, and society;

因此，我們有四個首要topics-- 隱私，安全和社會;

internet technologies; cloud computing; and ultimately, web development.

互聯網技術;雲計算; 最終，Web開發。

>> Did anyone have the bandwidth or the time

>> 沒有人有 帶寬或時間

to watch a little John Oliver last night?

觀看小約翰 奧利弗昨晚？

It's actually pretty amusing, if not a little frightening.

這其實很有趣， 如果不是有點恐怖。

Any questions on anything we did yesterday?

對任何事情有任何疑問 我們昨天做？

Any clarifications?

任何澄清？

Any questions that you want to make sure we touch on today in some form?

要做出任何疑問 相信我們觸及到今天以某種形式？

So clean slate.

所以洗涮。

>> So what's on the agenda for today?

>> 那麼什麼是上了議事日程今天？

So I thought we'd begin today with a look at what's generally

因此，我認為我們今天會開始 一起來看一下什麼是一般

known as computational thinking-- at the risk of oversimplifying, thinking

被稱為在計算thinking-- 簡單化的風險，思考

like a computer, perhaps thinking like an engineer,

像一台計算機，也許 想著像一個工程師，

and trying to start to organize your thoughts

並試圖開始 組織你的想法

or to give you a better sense of what's involved in actually commanding

或者給你一個更好的感 涉及什麼實際指揮

a computer to do something by way of programming.

一台電腦做一些事情 通過編程方式。

And we'll keep it at a pretty high level, pretty much English,

我們會保持它在一個相當 高的水平，相當多的英語，

but try to use of familiar examples to formalize how

但嘗試使用熟悉的 舉例正式如何

you would go about solving problems.

你會去解決問題。

>> And we will revisit some CS topics, like abstraction,

>> 我們將重溫一些CS 主題，像抽象，

which came up a couple of times yesterday,

裡面傳來了一對夫婦 次昨日，

algorithms, and then representation.

算法，然後表示。

And that's where we'll begin today in just a moment.

而這也正是我們將開始 今天在短短的時刻。

Then we'll take a look at programming.

然後我們將看看節目。

We'll take a look at some fundamental constructs

我們就來看看一些 基礎構造

with which you might be familiar and might even find quite intuitive.

與您可能熟悉 甚至可能會發現很直觀。

>> We'll look, in fact, at a sample programming

>> 我們來看看，其實， 在樣品編程

environment that's very accessible, very playful, and indeed targeted

環境是非常便利， 很愛玩，也確實有針對性

for ages 12 and up.

對於年齡在12歲以上。

We will spend a few minutes there and then take things to a lower level

我們將花幾分鐘時間有 然後拿東西到較低的水平

and actually talk about some of the algorithms and data structures,

實際上談一些 的算法和數據結構，

so to speak, that programmers typically use

可以這麼說，那 程序員通常使用

to solve problems far more efficiently than you might

解決更為問題 效率可能比你

be able to do without them altogether.

能夠不通通做。

Then after lunch, we'll take a look at technology stacks, which is just

午餐後，我們就一起來看看 在技​​術堆棧，這僅僅是

a fancy way of saying collections of technologies

說的一種假想方式 技術集合

that you might use to solve some problem.

你可能使用 解決一些問題。

And we'll talk about the alphabet soup of languages that exist today--

我們將談論字母表 中存在的語言湯today--

Java and Python and C++ and PHP and Ruby and all sorts of other things.

Java和Python和C ++ PHP和 Ruby和各種其他的東西。

>> We'll take a look briefly at design patterns.

>> 我們將看一看簡要 在設計模式。

Programmers, over time, have adopted methodologies

程序員，隨著時間的推移， 有採用的方法

that tend to help them solve problems more readily.

傾向於幫助他們 解決問題更容易。

When you start to see yourself writing the same kind of code again and again,

當你開始看到自己寫的 同樣的代碼連連，

people formalize those repetitions and ascribe names to them

人的正式重複 而歸於名字給他們

and then use them and promote them, ultimately.

然後用它們和 推進當中，最終。

And we'll talk a little bit about mobile strategies,

我們將討論一點點 關於移動戰略，

like what does it mean to actually make a mobile app or a mobile website.

像什麼意思實際上 使移動應用或移動網站。

Do you do it for Android?

你為Android做呢？

Do you do it for iOS?

你於iOS呢？

Do you do it for both of those?

你為那些呢？

And what are the trade-offs?

什麼是取捨？

And then finally, we'll take a look web programming, which

然後最後，我們將採取 看看網絡編程，這

is a collective term really describing any time

是的總稱 真正描述的任何時間

you write software that's meant to run on the web,

你寫軟件的 為了在網絡上運行，

whether on phones or desktops or laptops.

無論是在手機還是 桌面或筆記本電腦。

We'll take a brief look at databases and the design

下面我們通過一個簡單的介紹一下 數據庫和設計

therein, if only because almost any interesting web-based application

其中，如果僅僅是因為幾乎所有的 有趣基於網絡的應用

these days has some kind of database.

這幾天有某種數據庫。

Otherwise, it would just be static content.

否則，它會 只是靜態內容。

And a database allows you to make changes over time, whether yourself

和數據庫使您可以 隨時間的變化，無論是你自己

or from users.

或者從用戶。

And we'll consider how you would go about designing

我們會考慮如何 會去設計

that database and the kind of jargon that might come up in an engineer's

該數據庫的那種行話 可能出現的以工程師

discussion at a white board when actually implementing

在白板討論 當實際執行

an app for the first time.

首次的應用程式。

>> We'll talk briefly about APIs, useful services

>> 我們將討論簡單說一下 API的，有用的服務

that you can use to stand on the shoulders of others, whether companies

您可以使用站上 別人的肩膀上，無論公司

or individuals, and solve your own problems more quickly.

或個人，以及解決您的 自己的問題更迅速。

And then we'll dabble perhaps a bit with JavaScript,

然後，我們也許會涉足 有點用JavaScript，

a programming language that's used both in browsers these days, but also

該公司使用的編程語言 無論是在瀏覽器這些天，但也

in servers.

在服務器上。

And perhaps, we'll revisit, time permitting,

也許，我們將 重溫，時間允許的話，

some of the hands-on web stuff we did yesterday and integrate the two

一些動手網絡的東西，我們的 昨天做和整合兩個

together before we adjourn.

我們一起休會之前。

>> So with that-- what's ahead-- is there anything missing that you

>> 因此，與that--什麼ahead--是 有什麼遺漏，你

would like to make sure we insert and touch on at some point.

想確保我們插入 並在某些點觸摸。

If it's springs to mind, bring it up before long.

如果是彈簧介意， 要拿出來不久。

But why don't we begin with a look at computational thinking.

但是，我們為什麼不開始與 看看計算思維。

>> And let me propose that computational thinking is, again,

>> 讓我提議， 計算思維是，同樣，

sort of the high level description of what a computer scientist might do.

排序的高層描述的 什麼是計算機科學家可能會做。

And indeed, let's start with three ingredients that

事實上，讓我們開始 有三個成分，

might go into computational thinking.

可能會進入計算機思維。

This is just one way of describing it.

這僅僅是一個描述它的方式。

We could certainly define this in any number of ways.

我們當然可以定義 這在任何數量的方式。

>> But let me propose, for the sake of today,

>> 但是，讓我提議， 今天的緣故，

that the world's problems, all of the world's problems,

這世界上的問題， 所有的世界難題，

when approached by a computer scientist could

當由接近 計算機科學家可以

be viewed as what we'll call inputs, which

如被看作是我們將 電話輸入，

need to get fed into what we'll call algorithms, which then yield outputs.

需要得到送入我們就這麼叫 算法，則得到的輸出。

In other words, the entire world of problem-solving I claim

換言之，整個 解決問題的我主張世界

can be distilled into these three ingredients.

可以蒸餾成 這三種成分。

So what do I mean by inputs?

所以，我是什麼意思的投入？

Inputs is just what you're handed in order to solve.

輸入正是你在做什麼 遞給為了解決。

>> For instance, here's an old school problem.

>> 舉例來說，這裡的 一個老同學的問題。

If I have a phone book here and I want to look something into it,

如果我這裡有電話本和 我想看看東西進去，

this is my input.

這是我的意見。

I have 1,000 or so pages in a phone book.

我有1000個左右 在電話簿頁面。

This is the input to my problem.

這是輸入到我的問題。

And I want to find something like Mike Smith, so a friend

我想找到的東西 像邁克·史密斯，這樣的朋友

whose name and number is hopefully in this address book.

其名稱和編號是 希望能在這個地址簿。

>> This is before the days of cell phones, so I can't just search for it.

>> 這是細胞的天前 手機，所以我不能只是搜索。

So I have to do it old school and actually search

所以，我必須這樣做舊 學校實際上搜索

these inputs for some answer.

這些投入對於一些答案。

And that answer is just going to be called the output.

這答案是正要 被稱為輸出。

So the input is the phone book.

所以輸入是電話簿。

The algorithm is whatever set of steps I use to find Mike Smith.

該算法是任何集 步驟我用找到邁克·史密斯。

And the output is, hopefully, Mike Smith's phone number.

和輸出，希望 邁克·史密斯的電話號碼。

And this then would be just representative of most any problem

而這則是剛 最具代表性的任何問題

to with you are handed inputs and want to produce outputs.

與你手輸入 並希望產生的輸出。

>> So before we consider the process by which we can solve that problem,

>> 因此，我們認為這個過程之前， 通過它我們可以解決這個問題，

finding Mike Smith and something like that,

尋找邁克·史密斯和 類似的東西，

let's consider the first and the last-- inputs and outputs.

讓我們考慮的第一和 的last--輸入和輸出。

Physically, of course, the input here is a whole bunch of paper glued together

物理上，當然，輸入在這裡 由紙一大堆粘在一起

in the form of a phone book.

在電話簿的形式。

But computers, of course-- laptops and desktops and even phones

但是電腦，筆記本電腦course-- 和台式機甚至是手機

these days-- those are electronic devices.

這些days--那些 電子設備。

>> And at the end of the day, what's the only input to a computer?

>> 和在一天結束時，什麼 唯一的輸入到電腦？

Well, it's something like this power cord here.

嗯，這是像 在這份電源線。

I plug it into the wall, and I get a flow of electrons,

我將其插入牆上， 我得到的電子流，

which allows me to run the machine.

這讓我運行的機器。

Or maybe those electrons are created by way of my battery.

或者，也許這些都是電子 我的電池的方式產生。

But at the end of the day, that's the only thing going into my laptop.

但在一天結束時，這是 唯一進入我的筆記本電腦。

And so much interesting stuff is ultimately

和這麼多有趣 東西最終是

coming out, whether by way of the printer

中走出來，無論是 由打印機的方式

or the screen or audially or the like.

或屏幕或audially或類似物。

>> So if all we have as our fundamental input to a computer

>> 所以，如果我們所有的作為我們的 基本輸入到計算機

is electricity, so just electrons going in and or out,

電，所以才 電子進入和或縮小，

and so how can we use that input to actually represent information?

所以我們如何使用該輸入 實際上代表的信息？

In other words, how do we get from a simple flow of electricity

換句話說，我們如何獲得 從電力的簡單流程

to representing actual numbers or actual letters

到代表實際 數字或字母實際

or actual images on the screen or actual movies or e-mails

在屏幕上或實際圖像 或實際的電影或電子郵件

or any number of these higher level concepts,

或任何數量的這些 更高層次的概念，

if you will, that at the end of the day somehow

如果你願意，在 到頭來不知​​何故

have to be stored in this electronic mechanical device

已被存儲在這 電子機械裝置

using only those simple ingredients-- electrons coming in and out?

只使用簡單的ingredients-- 電子出入？

>> So it would seem that, in the simplest form,

>> 因此，它似乎是， 在最簡單的形式，

the only kind of states I have in my world, so

唯一的一種狀態 我在我的世界，所以

to speak-- conditions in my world-- is either

到speak--條件 在我的天下 - 要么是

I have electrons flowing, electricity flowing, or I do not-- so on, off.

我有電子流，電 流動的，或者我不是 - 等等，關閉。

And let's formalize on and off, as a computer scientist might,

讓我們正式開啟和關閉， 作為一名計算機科學家可能，

with just 1 and 0.

只用1和0。

Let's just describe some arbitrary but consistent number to it.

讓我們只介紹一些武斷 但一致的編號。

1 means on, 0 means off.

1意味著，0表示關閉。

Or you might also view this as true means on and false means.

或者你也可以認為這是 對真正的手段和虛假的手段。

You could also do black and white or red and blue.

你也可以做黑色 和白色或紅色和藍色。

You just need two descriptors.

你只需要兩個描述符。

And a computer scientists would generally just use 0 and 1.

和計算機科學家們 一般只要用0和1。

>> So if that's the case, my only alphabet is consisting of 0's and 1's, how

>> 所以，如果是這樣的話，我唯一的字母 是由0和1的，如何

could I possibly get to even the number 2 in a computer, let alone the number 3

我可不可以去連號 2在一台電腦，更別說3號

or a letter of the alphabet or an image or a movie?

或一個字母 或圖像或電影？

How do we sort of bootstrap ourselves from this basic principle

我們怎麼樣的引導 從自己這一基本原則

of 0's and 1's and actually represent something more interesting?

的0和1的和實際 代表更有趣的東西？

>> Well, let's put that question on hold for just a moment

>> 好了，讓我們把這個問題 擱置一會兒就好了

and consider something hopefully familiar,

並考慮什麼 希望熟悉，

even if you haven't really thought about it in any detail for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50

即使你有沒有想過 它在任何細節為10，20，30，40，50

more years.

更多年。

This is what?

這是什麼？

How would you pronounce that?

你將如何發音呢？

Not a trick question.

不是一個很難回答的問題。

A number, but what is it?

一個數字，但它是什麼？

1, 2, 3, or 123.

1，2，3，或123。

And I liked how you said 1, 2, 3, because that's one way of viewing it.

我喜歡你是怎麼說的1，2，3， 因為這是觀看它的一種方式。

1, 2, 3, it's a sequence of three symbols.

1，2，3，它的一個序列 三個符號。

It's pictures that we now have words for.

這是圖片，我們 現在有話。

And if you sort of read them all together, a typical human in English

如果你之類的閱讀全部 同時，在英國一個典型的人類

would say 123.

會說123。

And that's sort of a higher level concept,

這就是形式的 更高層次的概念，

feels like a reasonably big number.

感覺就像一個相當大的數字。

>> But how did we get there?

>> 但是，我們是怎麼到達那裡？

Well, it might be a while since you've thought about it like this,

嗯，這可能是因為一段時間 你想過這個問題是這樣，

but back in my day, I kind of learned this

但早在我的一天，我 那種得知這個

as the 1's column, the 10's column, and the 100's column.

作為1的專欄中，10級的 列和100的列。

So as Lakisa says, it is 1, 2, 3, but it's also 123.

從而Lakisa說，這是 1，2，3，但它也是123。

But how do we get from the former to the latter?

但是，我們如何從中獲取 前者向後者？

>> Well, you would typically do in the 100's column, I have a 1.

>> 那麼，你通常會做 100的專欄中，我有一個1。

So that's like saying 100 times 1.

所以，這等於是說100次1。

And then in 10's column, I have 2.

然後在10的專欄中，我有2個。

So that's like saying 10 times 2.

所以，這等於是說10次2。

In the 1's column, I have 3.

在1的專欄中，我有3個。

So that's like saying 1 times 3.

所以，這等於是說1次3。

>> And if I add these things together, this, of course,

>> 如果我添加這些東西 在一起，這當然

is 100 plus the 10 plus 3.

是100加10加3。

And oh, that's why I get this higher level notion of 123.

呵呵，這就是為什麼我得到這個 123更高級別的概念。

It's just basic math, whereby these symbols have weights to them, if you

這只是基本的數學運算，由此這些 符號具有權重給他們，如果

will, placeholder or column values.

將佔位符或列的值。

And once I multiply everything out, I get this number.

有一次我乘的一切 出來，我得到這個號碼。

>> So how many of you know how to speak binary-- 0's and 1's-- like a computer?

>> 所以，你知道怎麼很多怎麼說話 binary-- 0和1's--像電腦一樣？

OK, perfect, no one, or none of you think you do.

OK，完美的，沒有一個人，或 你們沒有覺得你做的。

But I would claim you actually know this already.

不過，我會聲稱你 其實已經知道了。

We just need to sort of tweak our mental model a little bit.

我們只需要幾分調整 我們的心智模式一點點。

But the process is exactly the same.

但是這個過程是完全相同的。

>> Let me leave this one up there and instead pull this down for a moment.

>> 讓我離開這一個那裡， 而不是拉下來了一會兒。

In the world of computers, we only have 0's and 1's.

在計算機世界， 我們只有0和1的。

And so the thing that's going to change is what?

這樣一來，事情那 要改變的是什麼？

Well, in my human world, the decimal system, dec meaning 10,

那麼，在我的人類世界中， 十進位制，DEC意義10，

I have how many digits at my disposal?

我已經在我手上了多少位？

10, right?

10，對不對？

0 through 9, of course.

0到9，當然。

>> And that's why we have the 10's place and the 100's place.

>> 這就是為什麼我們有 10的地點和100的位置。

Where is that coming from?

那是哪裡來的？

Well, this is 10 to the power of 0.

那麼，這是10到0的力量。

This is 10 to the power of 1, 10 to the power of 2, and so forth.

這是10到1的功率，10 到2的冪，等等。

You just keep multiplying your columns by 10, starting off with just 1

你只是保持你的乘以列 10，出發只需1

in the rightmost one here.

在這裡最右邊的之一。

>> So in the world of computers, if you only

>> 因此在世界上 電腦，如果你只

have binary-- bi meaning 2-- or 0's and 1's, we just

有binary--雙向含義 2--或0和1的，我們只是

really need to change the base of that math.

真的需要改變 那數學的基礎。

So in other words, now we'll just have the 1's column and the--

因此，換句話說，現在我們只是 有1的專欄和曲風

where is this going-- the 2's column, the 4's column, and maybe beyond.

這是哪裡going-- 2的專欄中， 4個專欄，也許超越。

Why is that?

這是為什麼？

Well, this is 2 the 0-th power.

那麼，這是2 0次方。

This is 2 the 1.

這是2 1。

This is 2 to the 2, and so on.

這是2到2，依此類推。

>> So whereas here, we have 1, 10's, 100's, 1,000's, 10,000's, 100,000's, 1

>> 因此而在這裡，我們有1，10年代， 100的，1000的，萬的，10萬級的，1

millions, and so forth, here we have 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64.

數以百萬計，等等，這裡 我們有1個，2個，4個，8個，16個，32，64。

You just keep multiplying by 2, instead of keep multiplying by 10.

你只要保持乘以2， 而不是繼​​續乘以10。

So now, if the goal at hand is to represent

所以，現在，如果目標在 一方面是代表

numbers using only 0's and 1's, let's consider how we get there.

僅使用0和1的數字， 讓我們考慮我們如何到達那裡。