in our democracies today:

有一個很嚴峻的問題 存在於生活的中心

How do we fight terror without destroying democracies,

我們今天的民主當中：

without trampling human rights?

我們如何打擊恐怖主義， 在不破壞民主、

I've spent much of my career working with journalists,

不踐踏人權的情況下？

with bloggers,

我工作的大部分時間是 與一些記者們，

with activists,

博客作者們，

with human rights researchers all around the world,

積極份子們，

and I've come to the conclusion

還有來自世界各地的 人權研究者們一起共事，

that if our democratic societies do not double down

我也由此得出一個結論

on protecting and defending human rights,

就是如果我們的 民主社會不加倍地

freedom of the press

保護和捍衛人權，

and a free and open internet,

新聞自由

radical extremist ideologies are much more likely to persist.

還有自由和開放的互聯網，

(Applause)

極端激進的意識形態 很有可能會一直存留著。

OK, all done. Thank you very much.

（掌聲）

No, just joking.

好了，我說完了。感謝妳們。

(Laughter)

不，只是玩笑。

I actually want to drill down on this a little bit.

（笑聲）

So, one of the countries that has been on the frontlines of this issue

我其實想要再 深入探討一下這個話題。

is Tunisia,

有一個國家一直位於 這個話題的前線

which was the only country to come out of the Arab Spring

突尼斯，

with a successful democratic revolution.

唯一一個走出 阿拉伯之春的國家

Five years later,

通過一場成功的民主革命。

they're struggling with serious terror attacks

五年後，

and rampant ISIS recruitment.

他們卻掙扎於 嚴重的恐怖襲擊

And many Tunisians are calling on their government

還有猖獗的ISIS徵募中。

to do whatever it takes to keep them safe.

很多突尼斯民眾 在呼籲他們的政府

Tunisian cartoonist Nadia Khiari

去採取一切手段 來保護他們的人身安全。

has summed up the situation with this character who says,

突尼斯漫畫家 Nadia Khiari

"I don't give a damn about human rights.

通過一個漫畫角色 概括了國內的情形

I don't give a damn about the revolution.

"我一點都不在乎人權。“

I don't give a damn about democracy and liberty.

“我一點都不在乎革命。“

I just want to be safe."

“我一點都不在乎民主和自由。”

"Satisfied?" asked his jailer.

“我只想要安全。”

"You're safe now."

“滿意了嗎？” 獄卒問他，

If the Tunisian people can figure out

“妳現在安全了。”

how to deal with their terrorism problem

假如突尼斯人民 能夠想到

without ending up in this place,

怎麼去處理 恐怖主義問題

they will be a model not only for their region,

而又不必終其一生 在監獄中度過，

but for all of us.

他們將不僅僅成為 他們當地的榜樣，

The reality is that civil society, journalists and activists

更將成為我們 所有人的榜樣。

are coming under attack from extremist groups on the one hand,

事實是公民社會， 記者和積極份子們

and, in many countries,

在一方面正經受著 來自極端團體的攻擊，

also from their own governments.

並且，在很多國家，

We're seeing bloggers and journalists being jailed,

還經受著來自他們 自己政府的攻擊。

charged and intimidated

我們看到很多博客作者 和記者被關押、

by their own governments,

控告和威脅著

many of which are allies with the West in the war on terror.

被他們自己的政府。

Just three examples.

當中的許多國家是西方國家 在反恐戰爭中的盟友。

A friend and former colleague of mine,

就舉三個例子。

Hisham Almiraat,

我的一位朋友兼前同事，

has been charged with threatening state security,

Hisham Almiraat,

along with six other activists in Morocco.

他被控告 威脅國家安全，

The Saudi blogger Raif Badawi has been jailed and flogged

與其他六位在摩洛哥 的積極份子們一道。

for insulting Islam and criticizing the Saudi regime on his blog.

沙特博客作者Raif Badawi 被關押和鞭打

More recently, the Turkish representative for Reporters Without Borders,

因他在博客裡 侮辱伊斯蘭和批判沙特政權。

Erol Önderoglu,

最近的是，無國界記者 的土耳其代表，

has been detained and charged with spreading terrorist propaganda,

Erol Önderoglu,

because he and some other activists have been supporting Kurdish media.

被拘留和控告 宣揚恐怖主義

Anti-terror measures quickly turn into state repression

因為他和一些其他的積極份子們 一直是庫爾德媒體的支持者。

without strong protection for minority communities

反恐措施很快轉變 成為了國家的一種鎮壓

and for peaceful debate;

沒有對少數群體 提供有力的保護

this needs to be supported by a robust, independent local media.

也沒有和平的辯論；

But while that's not really happening,

這需要由一個強大的 獨立的當地媒體來支撐。

Washington is teaming up with Silicon Valley and with Hollywood

然而實際上 卻恰好相反，

to pour millions -- hundreds of millions of dollars --

華盛頓正與硅谷 還有好萊塢合作

into what's called "counter-messaging,"

投入數百萬的— 數億的美元—

a fancy word for propaganda.

到所謂的“反信息活動”中，

To counter the terrorist propaganda spreading all over the internet,

其實就是宣傳的 一種花俏的說法。

in Europe, Internet Referral Units are being set up,

為了對抗在互聯網上 廣泛傳播的恐怖主義宣傳，

so that people can report on extremist content that they find

歐洲設置了 互聯網轉介單位，

and get it censored.

人們可以通過它們 告發他們所看到的極端內容

The problem is,

使這些內容 得以審查。

that all of this propaganda, monitoring and censorship

問題是，

completely fails to make up for the fact

所有的這些宣傳、 監控和審查

that the people who are the most credible voices,

完全無法彌補一個事實

who can present credible ideas and alternative solutions

就是有那麼一群人 他們擁有最具公信力的聲音，

to real economic, social and political problems in their community

他們能呈現可靠的想法和 可替代的解決方案

that are causing people to turn to extremism in the first place,

去解決他們所在地方的 真實的經濟、社會和政治問題

are being silenced by their own governments.

這些問題促使人們投身於極端主義，

This is all adding up to a decrease in freedom across the world.

然而這群人卻被他們的政府所禁言。

Freedom House,

這在全世界範圍內 進一步削減了人們的自由。

the human rights organization,

自由之家，

reports that 2015 marks the 10th straight year in a row

一個人權組織，

of decline in freedom worldwide.

在報告中稱道，2015年 標誌著第10個年頭

And this is not just because of the actions

世界範圍內自由的持續減少。

of authoritarian governments.

造成這結果的不僅僅是

It's also because democratic governments

獨裁政府的所作所為。

are increasingly cracking down on dissenters,

還因為民主政府們

whistle-blowers

在越來越多地 鎮壓異見者、

and investigative journalists.

揭發者、

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon has warned

和調查記者。

that "preventing extremism and promoting human rights go hand-in-hand."

聯合國秘書長 潘基文曾警告道

It's not to say that governments shouldn't keep us safe --

“防止極端主義和 促進人權是息息相關的。”

of course they should --

這並不是說政府 不應該保護我們的安全—

but we need public oversight, transparency

它們當然應該這麼做—

and accountability to the rule of law.

但是我需要公眾監督，透明度

Meanwhile,

和問責制來實行法治。

extremists are literally killing off civil society in some countries.

同時，

Since 2013 in Bangladesh,

極端主義者們在某些 國家正在逐漸消滅著公民社會。

over a dozen secular bloggers and community activists

自2013年，在孟加拉國

have been literally slaughtered by extremists

已經有超過十二位 世俗博客作者和社會活動家

while the government has done very little.

被極端主義者們所屠殺

From the city of Raqqa in Syria,

然而政府卻對此 無甚作為。

people like Ruqia Hassan and Naji Jerf have been assassinated

在敘利亞的拉卡市，

for their reporting out of ISIS-controlled territory.

像Rudi Hassan和Naji Jerf 這樣的人們被刺殺了

The citizen media group called Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently

理由是他們在ISIS掌控的 領域範圍外進行報導。

relies on strong encryption to send out their reports

公民媒體團體 “拉卡正遭無聲屠殺”

and shield themselves from interception and surveillance.

依靠著高強度的數據加密 來把他們的報導發送出去

Yet authorities in countries like the United States,

並使他們自己免遭 攔截和監視。

the United Kingdom and many other democracies

然而一些官方機構們 來自美國、

are seeking to use the law

英國和很多其他的民主國家，

to either weaken or outright ban strong encryption,

他們正尋求著運用法律

because the bad guys are using it, too.

去削弱或者完全禁止 高強度加密技術，

We have got to fight for the right of citizens to use strong encryption.

原因是壞傢伙們也在利用著它。

Otherwise, dissent and investigative journalism

我們需要去爭取公民使用 數據加密技術的權利。

are going to become even more difficult

否則，異見和調查報導

in even more places.

將會變得更為困難

And the bad guys -- the criminals and terrorists --

在更多的地方。

are still going to find ways to communicate.

而壞傢伙們— 罪犯和恐怖主義者—

Kudos to the companies that are standing up

仍然會尋找其它傳播方式。

for their users' right to use encryption.

致敬那些站起來維護

But when it comes to censorship,

用戶使用加密技術權利的公司。

the picture is much more troubling.

然而提到審查的話，

Yes, there's a real problem

它的情況更加的令人擔憂。

of extremist content spreading all over the internet.

是的， 現在有一個真實的問題

And Facebook, YouTube and Twitter are among the many companies

就是極端主義內容 正在互聯網當中廣泛傳播著。

who report having taken down hundreds of thousands of pieces of content

而Facebook、 Youtube、Twitter 還有眾多的公司

and deactivating accounts

聲稱他們已清除了 無數內容片段

that are connected to the extremist's speech.

並註銷了

The problem is their enforcement mechanisms are a complete black box,

與極端主義演說相關的用戶帳號。

and there is collateral damage.

問題是這些公司的執行機制 是一個複雜的黑匣子，

Take, for example, Iyad el-Baghdadi,

並且會引起“附帶損害”。

an activist who makes fun of ISIS on Twitter.

把Iyad el-Baghdadi作為一個例子，

He had his account deactivated,

他是一位經常在Twitter上 開ISIS玩笑的積極份子。

because he shares a surname with a prominent ISIS leader.

他的帳號被註銷了，

Last December,

因為他和一位著名的 ISIS領導者擁有一樣的姓氏。

a number of women named Isis,

去年十二月，

which also happens to be the name of an Egyptian goddess,

有許多名字叫”Isis“的女生，

had their accounts deactivated.

她們的名字恰好來源自 一位埃及女神的名字，

And this woman,

這些女生的帳號卻被註銷了。

who lives in the United States and is a computer programmer,

而當中有一位女生，

reported on Twitter about her deactivation on Facebook,

一位住在美國的計算機程序員，

managed to get enough media attention to have her account reinstated.

在Twitter上敘述了她 Facebook帳號被註銷的事情，

But that's the thing -- she had to get media attention.

設法通過獲得媒體的 注意力來恢復她的帳號。

And journalists aren't immune.

然而這就是問題的所在之處— 她需要獲得媒體的注意力

David Thomson,

但是記者們並不是免疫的。

an expert on terrorism and reporter for Radio France International,

大衛 湯姆森，

had reports deleted from his Facebook account

一位恐怖主義方面的專家 兼法國國際廣播電台記者，

and had his account deactivated for several days,

他在Facebook帳號 上的報道被刪除了

because they contained pictures of ISIS flags,

他的帳號也被註銷了幾天，

even though he was just reporting on ISIS,

原因是報道中 包含了ISIS旗幟，

not promoting it.

儘管他僅僅在作 ISIS相關的報道，

And then we have stories from people like this Egyptian man,

而不是在推廣它。

Ahmed Abdellahy,

接下來我們有來自類似於這位 埃及男人的人們的故事，

who reported recently in an event in Washington DC

Ahmed Abdellahy,

that some of his arguments with extremists --

他最近在華盛頓的一個 活動中報告道

he now spends his time on social media arguing with ISIS followers,

他與極端主義者的一些爭論—

trying to get them to turn away --

他現在花費他的時間在社交媒體 上與ISIS追隨者們爭論，

some of his arguments with these extremists get deleted,

嘗試去讓他們遠離（ISIS）—

which he believes has the effect of shielding them

他和這些極端主義者們的 一些爭論內容被刪除了，

from alternative points of view.

然而他相信這些爭論內容 能夠有效地庇護他們

It's unclear whether Facebook even knows the extent

使他們免遭其它觀點影響。

of the collateral damage,

我們不知道Facebook 是否了解到

or the other companies as well.

附帶損害的程度，

But we do know that journalism, activism and public debate

我們也不知道 其它公司是否有所了解。

are being silenced in the effort to stamp out extremist speech.

然而我們知道的是 新聞、行動主義還有公開辯論

So with these companies having so much power over the public discourse,

它們在這些公司致力於 撲滅極端言論的過程中被壓制了。

they need to be held accountable.

對於那些能夠 控制公共話語的企業們，

They need to carry out impact assessment

它們需要負起相對的責任。

to identify and fix the problems that we're clearly seeing.

他們需要實行影響評估

They need to be more transparent about their enforcement mechanisms,

從而去辨認和解決 我們能夠清楚看到的問題。

and they need to have clear appeal and grievance mechanisms,

它們需要使它們的 執行機制更加透明化，

so people can get their content reinstated.

它們還需要具備明確的 上訴和申訴機制，

Now, I've been talking for the last 10 minutes

讓人們能夠使 他們的內容得到恢復。

about how governments and companies are making it more difficult

至此，我已花了10分鐘

for people like these.

講述了政府和企業們是如何 帶來更多的困難

This is a picture of members of the citizen media network,

給這些人們。

Global Voices,

這就是公民媒體網絡 的成員們的處境，

that I helped to cofound over 10 years ago

全球之聲，

with my friend, Ethan Zuckerman.

我在10多年前曾幫忙共同創立的

Interestingly, about 5 years ago, right after the Arab Spring,

與我的朋友Ethan Zuckerman一起。

the data scientist Gilad Lotan

有趣的是，大約5年前， 就在阿拉伯之春發生之後，

created a network map of the people in Global Voices

數據科學家Gilad Lotan

who were heavy users of Twitter during the Arab Spring.

製作了一個關於全球之聲 當中一些成員的網絡地圖

And he found that many of these people served as key information nodes

這些成員是阿拉伯之春期間 Twitter的高度使用者。

between activists and journalists

他發現這些人們 充當了關鍵信息節點這個角色

throughout the Tunisian and Egyptian revolution.

在積極份子們和記者們之間

We've got to make sure that these people not only survive,

在突尼斯革命和埃及革命 的整個過程中。

but are able to continue to thrive.

我們必須確保 這些人不僅僅能夠活著，

Many of them are still active,

還要確保他們 能夠茁壯成長起來。

other than the ones who have gone to jail

他們當中有 很多人仍然活躍著，

or have been driven into hiding or exile.

除了那些已經入獄的

All around the world,

或者那些被迫躲藏或流放的。

people who are sick and tired of fear and oppression

在世界各地，

are linking up in their communities and across borders.

那些對恐懼和壓抑 感到厭惡和厭倦的人們

We've got to do everything we can to push our governments and companies

正在他們的社區裡面、 在跨境地聯合起來。

to do a better job of protecting their rights.

我們必須盡我們所能 去促使我們的政府和企業們

We've also got to be more mindful

去更好地維護這些人的權利。

about how our own personal, political, consumer and business choices

我們還必須更多地留意

affect people like these around the world.

我們所作的個人的、政治的、 消費者和企業的選擇是如何

Also, if you follow the news,

影響著世界上的這些人。

it's pretty clear that that alone isn't going to be enough.

還有，如果妳們關注新聞，

We've got to take personal responsibility by joining --

妳們會清楚知道 單單如此是並不足夠的。

or at very least, actively supporting --

我們還必須承擔起 我們的責任去參與—

the growing ecosystem of individuals and groups

或者至少，踴躍支持—

who are fighting for social justice,

這個持續增長的生態系統 由個體和群體所組成

environmental sustainability,

他們正爭取著社會正義，

government accountability,

環境可持續性，

human rights, freedom of the press

政府問責，

and a free and open internet,

人權，出版自由

all around the world.

還有一個自由開放的互聯網，

I believe that, ultimately, we can overcome

在全世界內。

the digitally empowered networks of extremism, demagoguery and hate.

我相信，最終， 我們能夠克服

But ...

那些由極端主義、煽動行為以及 仇恨所組成的數字授權網絡。

we've got to do this by really beefing up the global networks

但是...

of citizens around the world,

要想達到這個目標 我們必須增強全球公民的網絡。

powered by people who are working hard every day,

他們每天都在拼搏努力

and taking personal risk

冒著個人風險

for a future world that is more peaceful, just, open and free.

為了建造一個更加和平的， 僅僅是開放和自由的未來世界。

Thanks very much for listening.

非常感謝妳們的聆聽。

(Applause)

（掌聲）