Name: 真的有文藝復興這回事嗎？(The Renaissance: Was it a Thing? - Crash Course World History #22)
Uploaded: 2015-08-12T22:19:59.000Z
Duration: 11 min 33 s

Hi, I'm John Green, This is Crash Course: World History and today we're going to talk

嗨！我是約翰格里，你正在觀看世界史速成班。今天我要來談談

about something that ought to be controversial: The Renaissance.

可能引發爭論的議題：文藝復興

轉承詞

So you probably already know about the Renaissance thanks to the work of noted teenage mutant

你可能多少知道文藝復興，多虧舉世聞名的忍者龜：

ninja turtles Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Raphael. But that isn't the whole story.

李奧納多(達文西)、米開朗基羅、多那太羅、拉斐爾。但這都不是重點

(Me-from-the-past:) Mr. Green, Mr. Green. What about Splinter? I think he was an architect.

(過去的我:)格里先生，格里先生。那史林特呢？他是建築師吧！

Ugh, me from the past, you're such an idiot. Splinter was a painter, sculptor, AND an architect.

呃，過去的我啊！你真無知。史林特是位畫家、雕塑家，「還是」位建築師

Right, so the story goes that the Renaissance saw the rebirth of European culture after

好的，重點是文藝復興發生在歐洲文化復甦之際，之前只是

the miserable Dark Ages, and that it ushered in the modern era of secularism, rationality,

慘淡的黑暗時代，文藝復興使我們迎來了世俗、理性還有利己的

And those are all in the list of things we like here at Crash Course.

這些都列在「速成班」的喜愛清單裡

(Me-from-the-past:) Mr. Green. I think you're forgetting Cool Ranch Doritos?

(過去的我:)格里先生，你還忘了美式沙拉醬口味的多力多滋對吧？

Then what is so controversial? Well, the whole idea of a European Renaissance presupposes

那到底有什麼好爭論的？嗯，整個歐洲文藝復興思想的前提

that Europe was like an island unto itself that was briefly enlightened when the Greeks

在受到短暫啟迪之前，歐洲仍像座孤島，而那時希臘人

were ascendant and then lost its way and then rediscovered its former European glory.

方興未艾。後來歐洲遭到埋沒，然後重新找回了昔日輝煌的歐洲

Furthermore, I'm going to argue that the Renaissance didn't even necessarily happen.

此外，我認為文藝復興未必發生

But first, let's assume that it did. Essentially, the Renaissance was an efflorescence of arts

但先假設它有發生好了，文藝復興基本上就是藝術的全盛時期

(primarily visual, but also to a lesser extent literary) and ideas in Europe that coincided

(主要為視覺藝術，但也有少部分的文學)，歐洲思想也達到巔峰

with the rediscovery of Roman and Greek culture.

同時也重新找回希臘羅馬時期的文化

It is easiest to see this in terms of visual art, Renaissance art tends to feature a focus

視覺藝術顯而易見，文藝復興的藝術傾向於注重

on the human form, somewhat idealized, as Roman and especially Greek art had.

人體形式，有幾分理想化，羅馬是如此；希臘更是如此

And this classicizing is also rather apparent in the architecture of the Renaissance which

文藝復興的建築顯然也有這樣的古典風

featured all sorts of Greek columns and triangular pediments and Roman arches and domes. In fact,

特色在於希臘的圓柱及三角楣飾，羅馬的拱門及穹頂。事實上，

looking at a Renaissance building you might even be able to fool yourself into thinking

當你注視著文藝復興的建築，你可能會誤以為

you're looking at an actual Greek building, if you sort of squint and ignore the fact

自己正看著真正的希臘建築，前提是如果你微微瞇著眼看，撇開

that Greek buildings tend to be, you know, ruins.

In addition to rediscovering, that is, copying Greek and Roman art, the Renaissance saw the rediscovery

除了重新發現，也就是如法炮製希臘羅馬藝術外，文藝復興再一次發掘

of Greek and Roman writings and their ideas.

And that opened up a whole new world for scholars well, not a new world, actually since the texts

這對學者來說，又開創了全新的世界，也不能稱得上「新」，畢竟這些文本

were more than 1000 years old, but you know what I mean.

一千多年前就有了，你懂我的意思吧！

The scholars who examined, translated, and commented upon these writings were called

我們稱這群探討、翻譯、評論這些作品的學者為

humanists, which can be a little bit of a confusing term, because it implies they were

人文學家，但這也許令人費解，因為這暗指他們

concerned with, you know, humans rather than, say, the religious world.

只關心人類，而不在乎，比如說，宗教領域

Which can add to the common, but totally incorrect, assumption that Renaissance writers and artists

雖然是子虛烏有，但大家常常認定文藝復興的作家、畫家

and scholars were, like, secretly not religious.

That is a favorite favorite area of speculation on the Internet and in Dan Brown novels, but

這是網站上或丹‧布朗的小說裡最愛做的猜測，其實不然

the truth is that Renaissance artists were religious. As evidence, let me present you

事實上，文藝復興的畫家虔誠得很，我證明給你看

with that fact that they painted the Madonna over and over and over and over and over and

他們常常以聖母瑪利亞為題，一次一次、一次一次，又一次…

Anyway, all humanism means is that these scholars studied what were called the humanities. Literature,

無論如何，人文主義就是學者研究的人文學學科，像是文學

Today, of course, these areas of study are known as the so-called dark arts. What? Liberal

現今這些領域的研究就是所謂的黑魔法。什麼？通才教育？

arts? Aw, Stan, you're always making history less fun. I WANT TO BE A PROFESSOR OF THE

噢！史坦！你就是會讓歷史變得無趣。我想成為一位

Stan (Off camera): The Dark Arts job, it's a dangerous position.

史坦(鏡頭外)：教黑魔法，是危險的工作

John: Yeah, I guess that is true, so we'll stick with this.

約翰：好吧！有道理，我會記住

Right so here at Crash Course, we try not to focus too much on dates, but if I'm going

沒錯！在這速成班中，我們不用過度強調時期，但如果我要

to convince you that the Renaissance didn't actually happen, I should probably tell you,

讓你相信文藝復興並未發生，我應該得告訴你

you know, when it didn't happen. So traditionally the Renaissance is associated with the 15th

它何時未發生。習慣上，我們把文藝復興認定大約是在十五

The Renaissance happened all across Europe, but we're going to focus on Italy, because

文藝復興在全歐洲盛行，但讓我們專注在義大利上，因為

I want to and I own the video camera. Plus, Italy really spawned the Renaissance.

我就是想講，再說攝影機是我的。而且，義大利還是文藝復興的起源地

What was it about Italy that lent itself to Renaissancing? Was it the wine? The olives?

義大利為何會適合文藝復興呢？因為它的葡萄酒嗎？橄欖嗎？

The pasta? The plumbers? The relative permissiveness when it comes to the moral lassitude of their

義大利麵嗎？水管工人嗎？抑或放蕩不羈，素行不良的

leaders? Well, let's go to the Thought Bubble.

領導人？好吧！那來看看「觀念泡泡」

Italy was primed for Renaissance for exactly one reason: Money.

義大利會是文藝復興的黃金開端，只有一個確切原因：金錢

A society has to be super rich to support artists and elaborate building projects and

一個社會必須超級富有才能資助畫家和精細的建築計畫

to feed scholars who translate and comment on thousand-year-old documents. And the Italian

以及讓翻譯評論一千年前文物的學者衣食無虞，除此之外，義大利

city states were very wealthy for two reasons.

城邦會這麼富有，有兩個原因：

First, many city states were mini-industrial powerhouses each specializing in a particular

第一、不少城邦是迷你的工業動力室，各自專攻於特定的

industrial product like Florence made cloth, Milan made arms.

產業，像是佛羅倫斯生產布料，米蘭生產軍武

Second, the cities of Venice and Genoa got stinking rich from trade.

第二、威尼斯、熱那亞這兩個城市從貿易中大撈一筆

Genoa turned out a fair number of top-notch sailors, like for instance Christopher Columbus.

熱那亞還培養出一票頂尖航海家，哥倫布即是一例

But the Venetians became the richest city state of all.

As you'll remember from the Crusades, the Venetians were expert sailors, shipbuilders,

回想看看，十字軍東征中，維也納人都是專業的水手、造船工人

and merchants and as you'll remember from our discussions of Indian Ocean trade, they

以及商人。再回想看看，在我們討論的印度洋貿易，他們

also had figured out ways to trade with Islamic empires, including the biggest economic power

還想出了與伊斯蘭帝國貿易的方法，其中包含那地區中經濟力量最龐大的

Without trading with the Islamic world, especially in pepper, Venice couldn't have afforded

如果沒有和伊斯蘭世界貿易，尤其是交易胡椒，威尼斯根本無法支付

all those painters nor would they have had money to pay for the incredibly fancy clothes

那群畫家，他們也不會有錢買華美的衣裳

they put on to pose for their fancy portraits.

The clothes, the paint, the painters, enough food to get a double chin all of that was

衣服、畫作、畫家、養出雙下巴的糧食，這些

paid for with money from trade with the Ottomans.

都是由與鄂圖曼帝國貿易的金錢換來

I know I talk a lot about trade, but that is because it is so incredibly awesome, and it

我知道我提了不少貿易，但貿易實在是太棒了！它還

And while trade can lead to conflicts, on balance, it has been responsible for more

但貿易也會引爆衝突，總的來說，它是讓彼此來往更加和平的原因

peaceful contacts than violent ones because, you know, death is bad for business.

而非激烈衝突，只因死亡對商業不利

This was certainly the case in the Eastern Mediterranean where the periods of trade-based

地中海東岸正是如此，建立於貿易之上的外交期間

diplomacy were longer and more frequent than periods of war, even though all we ever talk

來得比戰爭長久頻繁，縱使我們隻字不離

about is war because it is very dramatic, which is why my brother Hank's favorite video

戰爭，因為它比較富含戲劇性，也就是為什麼我弟弟漢克最愛的電玩

game is called Assassin's Creed, not Some Venetian Guys Negotiate A Trade Treaty.

遊戲叫做「刺客教條」，而不是什麼「威尼斯大夥來協約」

Thanks, Thought Bubble. So here's another example of non-Europeans supporting the Renaissance:

謝啦！觀念泡泡。非歐洲人助長文藝復興的另一個例子：

The Venetians exported textiles to the Ottomans.

威尼斯向顎圖曼帝國出口紡織品

They were usually woven in other cities like Florence, and the reason Florentine textiles

這些通常是由佛羅倫斯這些城市編織而成，佛羅倫斯的紡織品

were so valuable is because their color remained vibrant.

能如此珍貴在於它的色彩鮮豔動人

That is because they were dyed with a chemical called alum, which was primarily found in

這是因為他們用明礬這種化學物質染色，明礬最早是在鄂圖曼帝國的

So to make the textiles the Ottomans craved, the Italians needed Ottoman alum, at least

為了產出鄂圖曼帝國渴求的織品，義大利需要他們的明礬至少

When Giovanni da Castro, Pope Pius Ilis' godson, discovered alum, in Italy, in Tolfa.

教宗庇護二世的教子，喬瓦尼‧迪卡斯楚在義大利的托爾法發現明礬

And he wrote to his godfather, the Pope: ''Today I bring you victory over the Turk. Every year

他接著寫信給教宗：「今天，我帶來贏得土耳其的勝利。每年

they wring from the Christians more than 300,000 ducats for the alum with which we dye wool

他們榨取我們基督徒，獲利超過30萬金幣，因為販賣將羊毛染得

字幕列表影片播放

真的有文藝復興這回事嗎？(The Renaissance: Was it a Thing? - Crash Course World History #22)

world

paint

letter

dark