People that avoid conflicts can be described as having a fixed mindset; those who see problems as interesting challenges have a growth mindset.

那些逃避衝突的人，可被稱為具有定型心態；把問題視為有趣挑戰的人，則具有成長心態。

Sometimes we like to switch from one to the other.

有時候，我們喜歡從一種心態切換至另一種心態。

People have a fixed mindset because they believe the basic qualities like intelligence or talents are fixed traits and that these traits are responsible for success.

有定型心態的人們相信，智力或才能之類的特質是固定不變的，這些特質左右成功與否。

They often like to document past achievements.

他們通常喜歡記錄以往的成就。

With a growth mindset, people believe that new abilities can be developed through practice.

具有成長心態的人相信，他們可以經由練習來發展出新能力。

This view creates the love for learning the most great leaders and artists have in common.

最傑出的領導人及藝術家，普遍因為有著這種觀點，傾向於熱愛學習。

For them, life becomes an exciting journey with endless opportunity to figure out new things and advance.

他們覺得生命是一趟有趣的旅程，有著能夠了解新事物讓自我進步的無限機會。

To develop a growth mindset, Dr. Carol Dweck, the Stanford University professor who coined the term, advises leaders, teachers, and parents to celebrate trying.

若想要發展出成長心態，發明這個名詞的史丹佛大學教授卡蘿．德魏克博士，建議領導人、教師、及父母應該擁抱嘗試。

Teachers should applaud students for any grade if they study hard; parents should encourage their children to develop any new skill they are interested in.

只要學生用功學習，不論最後成績如何，教師都應該讚美；而父母應該鼓勵孩子去發展他們感興趣的任何新技能。

Doing this will make them learn the skill of learning, which will also help them back in the classroom.

這麼做將可以使他們學到學習的技巧，在學校同樣也有幫助。

To illustrate the difference in everyday life, let's observe two imaginary kids: Jay thinks you've either got it or you haven't; Ann knows that she can learn anything if she wants it enough.

為了顯示兩種心態在日常生活中的差別，讓我們來觀察兩個想像中的孩子：Jay 認為，你要不就是學得來，要不就是學不來；而 Ann 則知道，若她的學習慾望夠強，她能學會任何東西。

At physical exercise, Jay avoids challenges.

在體育課跳躍鞍馬時，Jay 逃避了挑戰。

When it's time to jump over the vaulting horse, he's afraid to look stupid and be laughed at.

當要跳跳馬箱的時候，他害怕因為自己顯得笨拙而被嘲笑。

Ann embraces any challenge. It's exciting, it's fun.

Ann 則擁抱任何挑戰。她對挑戰感到很興奮，覺得很有趣。

She knows that failing is part of learning, and if she tries hard, at the end, nobody will laugh at her.

她知道失敗是學習過程中的一部分，若她努力嘗試，最終不會有人會嘲笑她。

Jay avoids feedback.

Jay 逃避反饋意見。

If the teacher tells him how to improve an assignment he has been working on, he takes it personally.

若老師告訴他如何改進他正在做的一項作業，他會覺得是在針對他自己。

Ann knows that to improve, she needs to listen to constructive criticism.

Ann 則知道為了改進，她需要聆聽有建設性的批評。

She also understands that it's not her that is being assessed, but the results of her work on that one day.

她也了解這些批評並不是在評斷她本身，而是在評斷她這一天的作業成果。

Jay always take the easy road.

Jay 總是走容易的路。

For example, he likes escalators and hates to take the stairs.

舉例來說，他喜歡搭電扶梯，討厭走樓梯。

When he is practicing the guitar, he stops the moment he is getting stuck.

練習吉他時只要一卡住，他就停止不練了。

Ann usually doesn't even take escalators.

Ann 通常不會搭電扶梯。

She jumps up the stairs count every step in her head and enjoys feeling the blood rushing through her veins.

她會在樓梯上歡欣雀躍的走著，邊走邊在腦海裡數著步數，享受著血液流動的快感。

She practices the drums every morning for 15 minutes—not that she always enjoys it, but she knows that effort is part of a journey to a more fun life.

她每天早上會練習打鼓十五分鐘，而這並不因為她總是樂在其中， 而是她知道努力是通往更有趣生活的過程中必經的一部分。

Ann likes to see others succeed. It inspires her.

Ann 喜歡看到別人成功，並會因此被鼓舞。

She knows that if she motivates her friends to get better, she herself is likely to grow, too.

她知道若她鼓勵她的朋友追求進步，她本身也可能會跟著成長。

If his friends try new things and succeed, Jay feels threatened.

若 Jay 的朋友嘗試新事物並且成功，他便會備感威脅。

He's afraid that their success will put pressure on him to do more with his life, too.

他擔心他們的成功會造成壓力，迫使他得做更多。

Modern companies look for employees with the growth mindset because they solve problems and persist despite obstacles.

現代的公司尋求具有成長心態的員工，因為這種員工謀求解決問題，就算遭遇阻難，也會堅持下去。

To spot the right ones, some asked during the interview whether the job applicant believes if managers are born, or if management is a skill learned.

為了找出這種員工，一些公司在面試員工時詢問應徵者：經理人是天生的，亦或管理是一種學習而得的技巧？

Jay thinks that managers are born; Ann gets the job.

Jay 認為經理人是天生的；而 Ann 則獲得錄用。

Neuroscientists support the idea. They confirm that the brain grows like any other muscle in the body with training.

神經學家支持這概念：他們證實了大腦就像身體的其他肌肉，會隨著鍛鍊而成長。

Studies show that adopted twins tend to have higher intelligence compared to their siblings who stayed with their biological parents.

研究顯示，被收養的雙胞胎之一往往具有較高的智力，高於留在親生父母身邊的兄弟或姊妹。

The difference appears to come from the higher educational levels of adoptive parents and shows that nurture is more important than nature.

這種差異是因為收養父母的教育程度較高，而這顯示出後天教養比先天素質來得更加重要。

A simple switch in how a person views a situation can mean a world of difference—not just the outcome of that situation, the outcome of that person's place in life.

只要從不同角度切換對自己境遇的看法，整個世界就會有所不同——不僅僅是整個情況的結果會有所不同，整個人生所處的位置也會不同。

As the late poet Samuel Beckett once said, "Ever tried, ever failed, no matter. Try again, fail again, fail better."

正如已故詩人薩謬爾．貝克特所言：「嘗試過，失敗過， 沒關係。 再嘗試，再失敗， 比以前更進步的失敗。 」

What do you think about the concept?

你認為這觀個概念如何呢？

Is it overly simplistic?

會覺得它太過簡化嗎？

And if you buy the idea, do you believe it is possible to make a permanent switch from a fixed to a growth mindset?

若你認同這個觀念的話，你相信人能持久地從定型心態轉變為成長心態有嗎？

Please share your thoughts in the comment section below.

請在下方的評論區分享你的看法。