Name: 通往納粹種族滅絕的道路 (The Path to Nazi Genocide)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:13:00.000Z
Duration: 38 min 32 s

Paris, 1900. More than fifty million people from around the world visited the Universal Exposition

巴黎，西元1900年。從世界各地前來參觀世界博覽會的人超過五千萬人

—a world's fair intended to promote greater understanding and tolerance among nations,

—為了促進國家民族之間更多的理解與包容而舉辦的世界性展覽

and to celebrate the new century, new inventions, exciting progress.

也為了慶祝新的發明、令人興奮的進步與新世紀的到來。

The 20th century began much like our own—with hope that education, science and technology could

20 世紀更像是屬於我們自己的時代—充滿了對於教育、科學與技術的期待

create a better, more peaceful world. What followed soon after were two devastating wars.

以創造一個更美好、和平的世界。但隨之而來的卻是兩次毀天滅地的戰爭

The first "world war," from 1914 to 1918, was fought throughout Europe and beyond.

「 第一次世界大戰 」 從西元 1914 年到 1918 年，從歐洲大陸延燒到鄰近地區

It became known as "the war to end all wars." It cast an immense shadow on tens of millions of people.

形成了著名的 「 以戰止戰 」。 一次大戰成了數以萬計人民心中最深的陰影

"This is not war," one wounded soldier wrote home. "It is the ending of the world."

「 這不是戰爭 」 一個受傷的士兵寫到 「 這是世界的終結。 」

Half of all French men aged 20 to 32 at war's outbreak were dead when it was over.

從戰爭爆發到結束時，年齡在 20 至 32 歲的法國男人超過半數都成了屍體

More than one third of all German men aged 19 to 22 were killed.

年齡 19 到 22 歲的德國男性則有超過三分之一被殺

Millions of veterans were crippled in body and in spirit. Advances in the technology of killing included the use of poison gas.

成千上萬的退伍軍人在身體與精神上都有了殘疾。在殺戮的科技上則有了長足的進步，包括使用毒氣

Under the pressure of unending carnage, governments toppled and great empires dissolved.

在無窮盡的大屠殺壓力下，政府的政權開始搖搖欲墜，大帝國也因此瓦解

It was a cataclysm that darkened the world's view of humanity and its future.

這樣的大變動使整個世界對人性的觀點與人類的未來變得模糊、黯淡

Winston Churchill said the war left "a crippled, broken world."

溫斯頓˙邱吉爾曾說這場戰爭留給我們的是 「 一個殘缺、破碎的世界 」

The humiliation of Germany's defeat and the peace settlement that followed in 1919 would

隨後西元 1919 年德國戰敗的恥辱與和平協定

play an important role in the rise of Nazism and the coming of a second "world war" just 20 years later.

在納粹崛起與 20 年後的二次大戰中扮演重要的角色，

What shocked so many in Germany about the treaty signed near Paris, at the Palace of Versailles,

在凡爾賽皇宮簽訂的條約震驚了許多德國人

was that the victors dictated a future in which Germany was deprived of any significant military power.

戰勝國命令德國未來必須撤除大部分的軍事武裝

Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for starting the war and to pay heavy reparations. To many,

德國被強迫承擔所有引起戰爭的責任且要支付相當大量的賠償，對許多人來說

including 30-year old former army corporal Adolf Hitler, it seemed the country had been

包括 30 歲的退役士兵阿道夫˙希特勒，這個國家就像是被

"stabbed in the back"—betrayed by subversives at home and by the government who accepted the armistice.

「 從背後捅了一刀 」— 被那些沒上過戰場的滋事份子及接受休戰協議的政府給背叛了

In fact, the German military had quietly sought an end to the war it could no longer win in 1918.

事實上，當德國軍隊在西元 1918 年了解到不可能戰勝時，便靜靜地尋找結束戰爭的契機

"It cannot be that two million Germans should have fallen in vain,"

「 決不能讓兩百萬德國人的所作所為都變得徒勞無功 」

Adolf Hitler later wrote. "We demand vengeance!"

阿道夫˙希特勒寫道 「 我們必須復仇！ 」

Many veterans and other citizens struggled to understand Germany's defeat and the uncertain future.

許多退役軍人與公民對德國的戰敗與不確定的未來相當掙扎

Troops left the bloody battlefields and returned to a bewildering society. A new

軍隊離開血流成河的戰場並回到一個不知所措的社會。一個新的、

and unfamiliar democratic form of government—the Weimar Republic—replaced the authoritarian

不熟悉的共和憲政體制政府 — 威瑪共和國 — 取代獨裁帝國

empire and immediately faced daunting challenges. Thousands of Germans waited in lines for work and food in the early 1920s.

並立即面臨許多驚人的挑戰。在西元 1920 年代初，成千上萬的德國人排隊為求得工作與食物

Middle class savings were wiped out as severe inflation left the currency worthless.

嚴重的通貨膨脹使的中產階級的存款在當時毫無用武之地

Some burned it for fuel. Economic conditions stabilized for a few years,

有些人甚至拿來當燃料燒了。經濟條件好不容易穩定了幾年後

then the worldwide depression hit in 1929. The German banking system collapsed,

在西元 1929 年又遭遇了世界性的經濟大蕭條。德國的銀行體系崩解

and by 1930 unemployment skyrocketed to 22%. In a country plagued by joblessness, embittered

到了西元 1930 年失業率向上攀升至 22 %。當一個國家處在沒有工作、失去領土的窘況之中

by loss of territory, and demoralized by ineffective government, political demonstrations frequently turned violent.

又因為一個無效率的政府使全國上下垂頭喪氣，政治上的示威遊行屢屢轉變為暴力行動

Many political parties had their own paramilitary units to attack opponents

許多政黨都擁有它們自己的預備軍來攻擊反對者

and intimidate voters. In 1932, ninety-nine people were killed in the streets in one month.

及威脅選民。在西元 1932 年，一個月就有 99 人在街頭喪生

Right-wing propaganda and demonstrations played on fears of a Communist revolution spreading from the Soviet Union.

因為懼怕蘇聯所興起的共產主義革命，右派政權的宣傳活動與示威不斷的上演

New social problems emerged from the impact of rapid industrialization and the growth

都市的成長與快速工業化帶來的影響使新的社會問題開始浮現

of cities. Standards of behavior were changing. Crime was on the rise. Sexual norms were in

日常行為正在改變。犯罪率節節攀升。男主外女主內的模式也已經過去

flux. For the first time, women were working outside the home in large numbers, and the

這是第一次，大量的女性出外工作

new constitution gave women the right to vote. Germany's fledgling democracy was profoundly

且改革後的憲法附與女性投票權。德國新萌芽的民主體制

tested by the crumbling of old values and fears of what might come next. Adolf Hitler

被崩壞的老舊思維與隨後襲來的駭人事物所考驗

had been undisputed leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party—known as

從西元 1921 年開始阿道夫˙希特勒無庸置疑的是國家社會主義德國工人黨—也就是著名的納粹黨的領袖

Nazis—since 1921. In 1923, he was imprisoned for trying to overthrow the government. His

在西元 1923 年時，他因為嘗試顛覆政權而被監禁

trial brought him fame and followers. He used the jail time to dictate his political ideas

但這次的判決也為他帶來名聲與追隨者。他利用在監獄的時間口述記錄個人的政治理念

in a book, Mein Kampf—My Struggle. Hitler's ideological goals included territorial expansion,

書名為《我的奮鬥》。希特勒的思想目標包括：領土擴張、

consolidation of a racially pure state, and elimination of the European Jews and other

建立一個種族淨化的國家以及消滅歐洲的猶太人

perceived enemies of Germany. He served only a short jail sentence, and after the ban was

和其他已知的敵人。他僅服了短暫的刑期，並在針對

lifted on his National Socialist Party, Hitler and his followers rejoined the battle in the

國家社會黨的禁令解除後，希特勒與他的追隨者便再次加入

The Nazi Party recruited, organized, and produced a newspaper to spread its message. While downplaying

納粹黨招募、組織並發行報紙以便傳播他們的訊息

more extreme Nazi goals, they offered simple solutions to Germany's problems, exploiting

但他們對納粹的極端目標僅是輕描淡寫，反而著重於提供解決之道來處理德國的問題、

people's fears, frustrations, and hopes. In the early 1930s, the frequency of elections

利用人民的恐懼、挫折與希望。在西元 1930 年代早期，頻繁的選舉活動

was dizzying. So was the number of parties and splinter groups vying for votes. Hitler

使人眼花撩亂。許多的政黨與團體為了選票互相競爭

proved to be a charismatic campaigner and used the latest technology to reach people.

希特勒證明了他是個具有領袖氣質的候選人，並利用最新的科技來親近人民

The Nazi Party gained broad support, including many in the middle class—intellectuals,

納粹黨獲得了廣大的支持，包括許多中產階級—知識份子、

civil servants, students, professionals, shopkeepers and clerks ruined by the Depression. But the

公務人員、學生、專業人員、還有因為經濟大蕭條受衝擊的老闆與店員。

Nazis never received more than 38% of the vote in a free national election. No party

但納粹黨在國家選舉上從未獲得超過 38% 的投票率

was able to win a clear majority, and without political consensus, successive governments

沒有一個政黨能夠獲得絕對多數，如果沒有組成聯合政府，每一任政府

Adolf Hitler was not elected to office and he did not have to seize power. He was offered

阿道夫˙希特勒並沒有當選，但他也不需要奪取權力。

a deal just as the Nazis started to lose votes. In January 1933, when the old war hero, President

當納粹黨的選情不樂觀時，他與某人做了個交易。在西元 1933 年 1 月，當昔日老將

Paul von Hindenburg, invited Hitler to serve as Chancellor in a coalition government, the

保羅˙馮˙興登堡總統，邀請希特勒擔任聯合政府的總理

Nazis could hardly believe their luck. The Nazis were revolutionaries who wanted to radically

納粹黨對這天賜良機感到不可置信。納粹黨是一群期望徹底改變德國的改革者

transform Germany. The conservative politicians in the new Cabinet didn't like or trust Hitler,

儘管新內閣中保守派人士並不喜歡、不相信希特勒

but they liked democracy even less, and they saw the leftist parties as a bigger threat.

但他們更不喜歡民主政體，且他們視左派為更大的威脅

They reached out to the Nazis to help build a majority in Parliament. They were confident

他們協助納粹黨在國會中形成多數。他們非常有自信的認為

they could control Hitler. One month later, when arson gutted the German parliament building,

他們可以掌控希特勒。經過 1 個月，在國會縱火案之後

Hitler and his nationalist coalition partners seized their chance. Exploiting widespread

希特勒與他的民族主義夥伴們逮到了機會。

fears of a communist uprising, they blamed Communists for the fire, and declared emergency

利用大家對共產主義崛起的恐懼，他們譴責共產主義人士計畫了這次縱火案，並立即公告緊急命令

rule. President Hindenburg signed a decree that suspended all basic civil rights and

興登堡總統簽署了這項命令，凍結所有公民基本權利與

constitutional protections, providing the basis for arbitrary police actions.

護憲行動，並為之後的秘密警察組織打下基礎

The new government's first targets were political opponents. Under the emergency decree, they

新政府的第一個目標就是反對黨。在緊急命令授權下

could be terrorized, beaten and held indefinitely. Leaders of trade unions and opposition parties

他們隨時可能會被恐嚇、毆打或扣押。商會理事與反對黨黨主席都被逮捕了

were arrested. German authorities sent thousands, including leftist members of Parliament, to

德國當局將數千人，包括國會中的左派份子

newly established concentration camps. Despite Nazi terror and brutal suppression of their

送入新建成的集中營。儘管納粹黨以恐怖、殘忍的手段壓制他們的反對者

opponents, many German citizens willingly accepted or actively supported these extreme

仍然有許多德國公民欣然地接受或積極地支持如此極端的方法

measures in favor of order and security. Many Germans felt a new hope and confidence in

以建立一個有秩序及安全的國家。許多德國人因此對國家的未來充滿希望與信心

the future of their country with the prospect of a bold, young charismatic leader. Nazi

因為有個作風大膽放肆且年輕有為、具有領袖氣質的人帶領著他們

propaganda chief Joseph Goebbels planned to win over those who were still unconvinced.

納粹黨宣傳部長約瑟夫˙戈培爾打算說服那些仍為心悅誠服於納粹黨底下的人

One must govern well, and for good government one must also practice good propaganda. They

若要妥善治理一個國家，執政當局必須做好宣傳工作

work together. A good government without propaganda is not more possible than good propaganda

這兩者密不可分。即使是個不懂治理國家的政府也可能做好宣傳工作，

但沒做好宣傳工作，就不能稱為一個懂得治理國家的好政府

Hitler spoke to the SA, his army of storm troopers.

希特勒在衝鋒隊 ( 德語 Sturmabteilung 的縮寫 ) 前發表演講，他的納粹黨突擊隊員

Germany has awakened! We have won power in Germany. Now we must win the German people.

德國如今已經甦醒！我們在德國獲得了權力。現在我們必須征服德國人民

The ceremonial reopening of Parliament, orchestrated by Joseph Goebbels, aimed to link the Hitler

國會重啟的儀式，由約瑟夫˙戈培爾所策畫的，是為了將希特勒政權

government to Germany's imperial past and portray the Nazis as saviors of the nation's

與德國過去的帝國歷史連結，並將納粹黨描繪成國家未來的救世主

future. The event was carefully staged to reassure the German establishment, including

整個過程都小心翼翼地呈現，向德國各個機關再三保證

the military, that Hitler would respect their traditions. Nazi--controlled newsreels then

包括軍隊，希特勒會尊重他們的傳統。納粹黨控制了新聞影片

gave the impression that the Army supported the new government. Though Hitler walked behind

打造出軍隊相當支持新政府的形象。雖然希特勒在興登堡總統背後

longtime President Hindenburg for now, the new chancellor would soon be Germany's absolute dictator.

為了今日默默耕耘許久，但這個新的總理很快地會成為徹底統治德國的完全獨裁者

Today was dedicated to the New Germany. And more than one hundred thousand schoolchildren

今日便是我們為新生德國作出奉獻的時刻。超過十萬學童佇立於此

stood, shoulder to shoulder, as the car bearing the aged President and the Chancellor proceeded

肩併肩，當車輛搭載著我們的老總統與總理行進

through the crowd to the speaker's stand. Whether you agree with his doctrines or not,

穿越人群來到演講台。無論你是否同意他的教條

it must be admitted that the leadership of Hitler has united the German people for the

我們都得承認希特勒的領袖魅力讓德國人民在戰後首次團結一心

first time since the war. Their almost fanatical enthusiasm is a marvel to the entire world...

他們這近乎瘋狂的熱情讓全世界都大吃一驚

Hindenburg remained President until his death in August 1934. With Hindenburg gone, Hitler,

興登堡保有他總統的職位直到西元 1934 年 8 月逝世。當興登堡一死，希特勒

by agreement with the army, abolished the office of President, declaring himself Führer

在軍隊的同意下，廢除了總統的職位，宣布他自己成為元首

and Reich Chancellor, leader of the nation and head of the government. Now there was

兼帝國總理，成為國家最高領導人。如今，他已成為

no authority above or beside him. Immediately, the armed forces swore an oath of allegiance to Adolf Hitler.

一人之下萬人之上。旋即，那些武裝部隊便向希特勒宣誓永遠效忠於他