Well, near it anyway. What would you say if I told you that the headquarters for D-Wave - the world leader in commercial

quantum computing systems - is a stone's throw from our warehouse?

And what would you say if I told you that they invited us in for a

behind-the-scenes tour? Well Linus, I'd probably say that's exactly what I was expecting,

given the title and thumbnail of this video, stop wasting my time.

Got it. Let's go.

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So in 2007 D-Wave introduced their first

quantum processor. Now, with only 16 qubits,

it wasn't especially powerful.

But the point wasn't whether you could or couldn't solve the same problems with a pencil and a piece of paper.

The point was that this

scalable approach would allow them to ship the world's first commercial quantum computer the D-Wave One in

2011 with

128 qubits followed by 512

1000 and

2000 cubic designs in 2013, 2015, and 2017

respectively. And adding more qubits is the key to increasing performance because the more qubits you have, the more

complex the problems that you can tackle. You see quantum computing doesn't work like

classical computing with ones and zeros where you feed it a

question and then it spits out an

answer. Instead a quantum processor takes all of the parameters you feed it and works on

Every solution pointing you at one or two or maybe even more

optimal

Solutions. So they're not perfect for everything.

I don't think there's a single person in this building who expects Call of Duty: Black Ops 10 to run on a D-Wave mach 5

Quantum gaming rig or anything like that but for scheduling out of sports teams games over the course of a season

For tackling problems like logistics climate change and Energy distribution or for conducting AI research

These puppies right here have the potential to completely

disrupt the existing players.

So then let's go have a look at one shall

we? Now there are only a handful of customers in the world who have

Actually ponied up the price of a D-Wave system

including high Rollers like Lockheed Martin, Los Alamos National Lab, Google, and Nasa. But D-Wave

Themselves have a handful of their latest generation 2000

Q systems running here at their

headquarters that are available through the cloud just make sure that you don't turn off any of the ones with a

delightfully Low-Tech "Online" sign zip-tied to it it might be doing very very important research. So from the outside a

2000

Q doesn't look that different from any other compute cluster with a few black racks and when you open up door number one

There's not much at first glance to indicate that there's anything special about it

You'll find a network switch, a UPS for battery backup, a normal server

responsible for monitoring some monitoring devices that

Wait a minute!

seven Eight Degrees Milli

Kelvin we're going to have to get back to that later.

There's also a second server that takes a

problem and translates it into machine code

using custom room temperature

electronics to generate high precision analog signals that it then sends to, as we promised, just about the

coldest place in the known universe

The single, yes, just one chip, single code named, Washington,

quantum processor at the heart of this machine, but where exactly is it?

It's not behind Door 2,

or door number 3

back there you'll find the first and second stage pumps that are used to create a vacuum around the processor to

Thermally insulate it

and it's cooling system from the outside world as well as a compressor for the aforementioned cooling system, and

You also won't find it in this

Barrel shaped

Doodad that is actually a liquid nitrogen

filter that removes impurities from the Coolant mixture of Helium-3 and Helium-4

Isotopes and is one of the things that allows D-Wave systems to run for years at a time a critical feature

Given that the chip kind of locks into a certain configuration

Once it's supercooled and if you heat one of these puppies up back to room temperature

it can take up to two days to cool it back down and up to four weeks to finish the the

rebalancing or

recalibration process. No, no, to find the actual processor,

we have to go past this first door on the left here that handles connecting the

all-business racks at the front to the

giant box here that was hiding in plain sight that I'll be referring to as the "party in the back" or

per D-Wave's gentle suggestion, the

"shielded enclosure". This right here is effectively a big faraday cage and the first of

sixteen layers of shielding that are designed to shield the Powerlines and

preserve the integrity of the

signals to and from the quantum processor to the greatest degree possible

And that was a very intentional pun by the way now

normally these rooms are closed and there is a series of

casings on

top of this apparatus here to maintain the vacuum around what is effectively the

Motherboard of our quantum computer, but they had one open for maintenance today, so we've got to get up close and personal

The thing is peppered with probes and sensors,

heat exchangers, data wires,

but the five big plates are really the main attraction here.

Each of them represents a different stage of the cooling system

The top one gets signals from the outside world on copper wires and runs on a frosty

70 degrees Kelvin the next one down uses the same fridge and these braided copper

conductors to get down to four degrees Kelvin, which is both low enough to Condense helium to a liquid and

To switch over from Copper wires to the superconductor

Niobium the middle plate here uses vacuum helium for to drop our signal wires to one degree

Kelvin the Fourth uses Helium-3

To get us to about it to a tenth of that and the final stage uses a sophisticated

Mixture of those two isotopes to drive this entire

Filtering and shielding apparatus as well as the processor inside

down to its typical operating temperature of about oh point zero one five degrees Kelvin damn near

Absolute zero

But why does it need to be so cold?

Niobium already super conducts at nine Degrees, Kelvin

interstellar Space is

3.1 degrees Kelvin our solar system is even warmer. We're talking oh point zero one five degrees Kelvin well

this

Superconducting chip here is what's inside there, and it's connected via four hundred

superconducting wires

And this is kind of like the pins on a CPU socket and what it's doing if it's using

Quantum mechanical effects to process information.

So for that to work,

these effects need to be significant enough to use them for

computation, which means that the temperature needs to be

well below

the energy scale of those quantum effects if it

wasn't, then the data you'd get would be very very noisy,

corrupted by heat related quantum effects.

That's why the colder they can get, pretty much, the better and getting even colder in the future

may actually be practical. So

this generation of the waste processors consumes no power and outputs no heat

meaning that the 20 kilowatts of power that are required to run system is just

Dedicated to the cooling system. So unless they wanted to go colder this energy cost

doesn't change whether you're running a hundred cubits or

2,000 cubits, that's just the sweet spot of

practicality and functionality

Today and more cooling is far from the only thing on the horizon. the future's looking bright for our neighbors here at D-Wave

they don't have a

50-Year vision yet necessarily,

but in the nearer term they don't really perceive anyone else in the space as a real competitor with a

commercializable technology and with more R&D focus they think their system could be as compact as

three or four racks and

capable of taking on some of the hardest

Neural Network problems that we face in the years to come and you know what?

Sounds pretty good to me.

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So thanks to D-Wave for hosting us here. Thanks to you guys for watching if you dislike this video

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