is that the poorest countries

全球健康問題中，最諷刺的就是，

carry the largest disease burden.

最貧窮的國家

If we resize the countries of the globe

疾病肆虐最為嚴重。

in proportion to the subject of interest,

如果我們將世界各國疾病肆虐

we see that Sub-Saharan Africa

的嚴重程度進行排序的話，

is the worst hit region by HIV/AIDS.

我們會發現撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲，

This is the most devastating epidemic of our time.

是愛滋病肆虐最嚴重的地區。

We also see that this region

而愛滋病是我們這時代最致命的傳染性疾病，

has the least capability in terms of dealing with the disease.

我們還會發現，這一地區

There are very few doctors

在對抗愛滋病方面恰恰是最無能爲力的。

and, quite frankly, these countries do not have the resources

那裡缺乏醫生，

that are needed to cope

而且老實說，這些國家根本不具備

with such epidemics.

對抗愛滋病

So what the Western countries,

所需要的資源。

developed countries, have generously done

西方

is they have proposed to provide free drugs

已開發國家，慷慨地

to all people in Third World countries

提供免費藥品，

who actually can't afford these medications.

給買不起這些藥的

And this has already saved millions of lives,

第三世界國家人民，

and it has prevented entire economies

這種義舉挽救了數百萬的生靈，

from capsizing in Sub-Saharan Africa.

也避免撒哈拉南部非洲

But there is a fundamental problem

各國的經濟瓦解。

that is killing the efforts

但這種方式有一個根本的問題，

in fighting this disease,

會讓整個對抗愛滋病

because if you keep throwing

的努力化為烏有。

drugs out at people

因為假如不停盲目地提供藥品

who don't have diagnostic services,

給那些

you end up creating a problem of drug resistance.

沒有經過診斷的人們，

This is already beginning to happen in Sub-Saharan Africa.

就會導致病毒抗藥性增強的問題。

The problem is that,

這個現象已開始在撒哈拉南部非洲地區顯現。

what begins as a tragedy in the Third World

問題在於，

could easily become a global problem.

這始於第三世界國家的悲劇，

And the last thing we want to see

很容易就會演變爲全球性的問題，

is drug-resistant strains of HIV

而我們最不願意見到的事情，

popping up all over the world,

就是産生了抗藥性的愛滋病毒，

because it will make treatment more expensive

在全球各地如雨後春筍般的肆虐，

and it could also restore

這樣一來治療費用就愈發昂貴，

the pre-ARV carnage of HIV/AIDS.

並且它還會使過去愛滋病

I experienced this firsthand

抗逆轉錄病毒泛濫的時代再度降臨。

as a high school student in Uganda.

我曾親身經歷那個時代，

This was in the 90s

那時我是烏干達的中學生，

during the peak of the HIV epidemic,

時間在90年代，

before there were any ARVs in Sub-Saharan Africa.

愛滋病流行的最高峰時期，

And during that time, I actually lost more relatives,

當時撒南非洲還沒有任何抗逆轉錄病毒藥物。

as well as the teachers who taught me,

在那段期間，我大多數的親人

to HIV/AIDS.

以及給我上課的老師，

So this became one of the driving passions of my life,

都死於愛滋病。

to help find real solutions

這經歷轉化為我人生的驅動力，

that could address these kinds of problems.

我的目標就是尋找

We all know about the miracle of miniaturization.

一個有效的辦法，來解決這類問題。

Back in the day, computers used to fill this entire room,

我們都見識過微型化技術的神奇，

and people actually used to work inside the computers.

從前的電腦大到能填滿這一整個屋子，

But what electronic miniaturization has done

使用它的人們還得在其間穿梭，

is that it has allowed people to shrink

但是隨著電子技術微型化的發展，

technology into a cell phone.

人們已經可以把科技縮小，

And I'm sure everyone here enjoys cell phones

小到可以放進手機裡。

that can actually be used in the remote areas of the world,

我想在座的各位都享受過手機的便利性吧，

in the Third World countries.

手機在偏遠地區的第三世界

The good news is that the same technology

國家裡，也能派上用場。

that allowed miniaturization of electronics

好消息是，同一個

is now allowing us to miniaturize

電子微型化技術，

biological laboratories.

也可以用來微縮

So, right now, we can actually miniaturize

生物實驗室。

biological and chemistry laboratories

所以，如今，我們可以把

onto microfluidic chips.

生化實驗室微縮成

I was very lucky to come

微流體晶片。

to the US right after high school,

我很幸運，

and was able to work on this technology

高中畢業之後就直接來到美國，

and develop some devices.

後來參與了這項技術的研究，

This is a microfluidic chip that I developed.

也研發了一些設備。

A close look at how the technology works:

這是我研發的一種微流體晶片，

These are channels that are about the size of a human hair --

細看一下這種技術的工作原理：

so you have integrated valves, pumps, mixers and injectors --

這些管道孔徑跟人的頭髮差不多粗細，

so you can fit entire diagnostic experiments

將閥門、泵、注射器和混合器整合進去之後，

onto a microfluidic system.

這樣你就可以把整套診斷化驗用的設備，

So what I plan to do with this technology

都裝到一個微流體晶片上去。

is to actually take the current state

我計劃應用前述科技，

of the technology

也就是將這技術

and build an HIV kit

現在已經發展的成果，

in a microfluidic system.

在一個微流體晶片上，

So, with one microfluidic chip,

建立起愛滋病的化驗實驗室。

which is the size of an iPhone,

用這樣一個

you can actually diagnose

跟iPhone差不多大小的晶片，

100 patients at the same time.

就可以同時診斷

For each patient, we will be able to do

上百位病人；

up to 100 different viral loads per patient.

而對每位病人，

And this is only done in four hours,

我們可以做出多達百組的病毒負荷量檢測。

50 times faster than the current state of the art,

而作這一切檢測僅費時四小時，

at a cost that will be five to 500 times cheaper

比現有的方法要快上五十倍，

than the current options.

價格卻只有現有的方法的

So this will allow us to create

五到五百分之一。

personalized medicines in the Third World

這讓我們能夠

at a cost that is actually achievable

在第三世界國家提供個人化治療，

and make the world a safer place.

而費用也是他們負擔得起的，

I invite your interest

這將會使世界變得更加安全。

as well as your involvement

我希望大家能關注這項技術，

in driving this vision

更希望你們能實際參與，

to a point of practical reality.

一同推動這個願望，

Thank you very much.

使它能夠早日實現。

(Applause)

非常感謝。