But first, I want to start by saying that

我今天想來談談企鵝，

we need a new operating system,

但首先，我想說，

for the oceans and for the Earth.

為了海洋和地球，

When I came to the Galapagos 40 years ago,

我們需要一個新的操作系統。

there were 3,000 people

當我在40年前來到加拉帕戈斯群島時，

that lived in the Galapagos.

約有3000人

Now there are over 30,000.

住在加拉帕戈斯，

There were two Jeeps on Santa Cruz.

現在的人口則超過3萬。

Now, there are around a thousand trucks

當時，聖克魯茲只有兩台吉普車，

and buses and cars there.

現在，當地約有1000輛卡車、

So the fundamental problems that we face

公車，和汽車。

are overconsumption and too many people.

我們現在所面臨的基本問題

It's the same problems in the Galapagos,

是過度消費和人口過剩，

except, obviously,

加拉帕戈斯也面臨同樣的問題，

it's worse here, in some ways, than other places.

只是，很顯然的，

Because we've only doubled the population of the Earth

在某些層面上，加拉帕戈斯的情況較其他地區嚴重。

since the 1960s -- a little more than doubled --

原因就是地球的人口多了一倍，

but we have 6.7 billion people in the world,

自1960年代起，人口成長了比一倍還多。

and we all like to consume.

然而，世界約有67億人口，

And one of the major problems that we have

而我們都喜愛消費。

is our operating system

我們的主要問題

is not giving us the proper feedback.

是我們的操作系統

We're not paying the true

無法給予我們正常的回饋。

environmental costs of our actions.

我們沒有為我們的行為

And when I came at age 22 to live on Fernandina,

付出相同的環境代價。

let me just say, that I had never

22歲時，我來到費爾南迪納居住，

camped before.

且讓我坦言，我不曾

I had never lived alone

露營過，

for any period of time,

我也不曾

and I'd never slept with sea lions

一個人住過，

snoring next to me all night.

我更不曾

But moreover, I'd never lived on an uninhabited island.

整夜睡在打鼾的海獅身旁。

Punta Espinosa is where I lived for over a year,

此外，我從來沒有住在無人島上過。

and we call it uninhabited

我在蓬埃斯皮諾薩住了一年多，

because there are no people there.

我們稱它無人居住，

But it's alive with life;

因為當地確實杳無人煙。

it's hardly uninhabited.

然而，其他生命卻讓當地別有洞天。

So a lot has happened in the last 40 years,

因此，說它沒有生機不太恰當。

and what I learned when I came to the Galapagos

在過去40年中，（島上）發生了很多事。

is the importance of wild places, wild things,

而我在加拉帕戈斯學到的

certainly wildlife,

即是野生地區、野生事物，

and the amazing qualities that penguins have.

當然還有野生動物的重要性，

Penguins are real athletes:

以及企鵝所獨具的奇妙特質。

They can swim 173 kilometers in a day.

企鵝是名副其實的運動員，

They can swim at the same speed day and night --

牠們一天可以游泳173公里，

that's faster than any Olympic swimmer.

且日夜都能以這種速度游泳，

I mean, they can do like seven kilometers an hour

這比任何奧運游泳選手的速度都還快。

and sustain it.

想想他們可以1小時游7公里，

But what is really amazing, because of this deepness here,

且不斷保持這個速度。

Emperor penguins can go down

但最令人驚嘆的是，因為這裡有一定的深度，

more than 500 meters

國王企鵝竟能潛水

and they can hold their breath for 23 minutes.

超過500公尺，

Magellanic penguins, the ones that I work on,

並能閉氣長達23分鐘。

they can dive to about 90 meters

我所研究的麥哲倫企鵝，

and they can stay down for

則可潛水大約90公尺，

about 4.6 minutes.

並能在水中

Humans, without fins: 90 meters, 3.5 minutes.

待上大約4.6分鐘。

And I doubt anybody in this room

人類，沒有鰭：90公尺，3.5分鐘，

could really hold their breath for 3.5 minutes.

而我懷疑聽眾裡是否真有人

You have to train to be able to do that.

能閉氣長達3.5分鐘。

So penguins are amazing athletes.

你必須經過訓練才能閉氣那麼久。

The other thing is, I've never met anybody

所以，企鵝確實是令人驚嘆的運動員。

that really doesn't say that they like penguins.

另外，我不曾碰過

They're comical, they walk upright,

不喜歡企鵝的人。

and, of course, they're diligent.

牠們滑稽、牠們直立行走，

And, more importantly, they're well-dressed.

並且，想當然爾，牠們很勤奮。

So they have all the criteria

更重要的是，牠們穿著體面。

that people normally like.

所以，牠們擁有

But scientifically, they're amazing because they're sentinels.

人類喜歡的一切標準。

They tell us about our world in a lot of different ways,

不過，從科學的角度來看，牠們令人驚嘆是因為牠們扮演著哨兵的角色。

and particularly the ocean.

牠們用很多不同的方式讓我們了解世界，

This is a picture of a Galapagos penguin

尤其是海洋。

that's on the front of a little zodiac here in the Galapagos.

這是一張加拉帕戈斯企鵝的照片，

And that's what I came to study.

在加拉帕戈斯的前端。

I thought I was going to study the social behavior of Galapagos penguins,

這也是我後來研究的內容。

but you already know

我本以為我要研究的是加拉帕戈斯企鵝的社會習性，

penguins are rare.

但你們知道

These are the rarest penguins in the world.

企鵝是稀有動物，

Why I thought I was going to be able to do that, I don't know.

而加拉帕戈斯企鵝則是世界上最稀有的企鵝。

But the population has changed

爲何我認為自己會研究成功，我也不知道。

dramatically since I was first here.

然而，從我第一次來到這裡至今，

When I counted penguins for the first time

企鵝的數量已發生劇烈的變化。

and tried to do a census,

當我第一次數企鵝

we just counted all the individual beaks that we could

並試著統計時，

around all these islands.

我們的作法是數出這些島上

We counted around 2,000, so I don't know how many penguins there really are,

每一隻企鵝的喙。

but I know I can count 2,000.

數量大概2000左右，所以我不知道企鵝的確切數量，

If you go and do it now, the national parks

不過我知道數到2000沒有問題。

count about 500.

倘若你現在去數，國家公園的企鵝總數

So we have a quarter of the penguins

大概只剩500隻。

that we did 40 years ago.

因此，相較於40年前的企鵝數量，

And this is true of most of our living systems.

現在的企鵝只剩下1/4。

We have less than we had before,

我們多數的生存系統也面臨了這種情況。

and most of them are in fairly steep decline.

我們擁有的較之前少，

And I want to just show you a little bit about why.

且大部分是在急遽下降中。

(Braying)

接下來，我要給大家看看一小部分的原因。

That's a penguin braying

(叫聲)

to tell you that

那是企鵝的叫聲，

it's important to pay attention to penguins.

告訴各位

Most important of all,

關注企鵝是很重要的。

I didn't know what that was the first time I heard it.

最重要的是，

And you can imagine sleeping on Fernandina your first night there

我已忘記第一次聽到這個聲音是在何時。

and you hear this lonesome, plaintful call.

你可以想像睡在費爾南迪納的第一夜，

I fell in love with penguins,

就聽到這孤獨單調的呼喚。

and it certainly has changed the rest of my life.

我愛上了企鵝，

What I found out I was studying

這點無疑改變了我往後的人生。

is really the difference in how the Galapagos changes,

後來，我發現我在研究的

the most extreme variation.

其實是加拉帕戈斯改變了多少，

You've heard about these El Ninos,

且是最極端的變化。

but this is the extreme that penguins all over the world

你曾聽過聖嬰現象，

have to adapt to.

但這是全球的企鵝

This is a cold-water event

所必須適應的極端變化。

called La Nina.

這則是讓海水異常變冷的

Where it's blue and it's green, it means the water is really cold.

反聖嬰現象。

And so you can see this current coming up --

藍色與綠色的地方代表水溫非常冷。

in this case, the Humboldt Current --

你可以看到這股洋流的出現－

that comes all the way out to the Galapagos Islands,

它叫做祕魯寒流－

and this deep undersea current, the Cromwell Current,

一直流到加拉帕戈斯群島。

that upwells around the Galapagos.

還有這個深海洋流：克倫威爾洋流，

That brings all the nutrients:

在加拉帕戈斯周圍湧出。

When this is cold in the Galapagos,

洋流帶來了大量養分。

it's rich, and there's plenty of food for everyone.

當加拉帕戈斯的天氣轉冷，

When we have extreme El Nino events,

小島變得豐饒，大家都有足夠的食物。

you see all this red,

當極端的聖嬰現象發生，

and you see no green

你看到的是一片紅色，

out here around the Galapagos.

完全沒有綠色

That means that there's no upwelling,

在加拉帕戈斯周圍。

and there's basically no food.

這代表沒有上湧的洋流，

So it's a real desert

基本上也代表沒有食物。

for not only for the penguins and the sea lions and the marine iguanas ...

於是，這裡就變成了沙漠，

things die when there's no food.

不單是對企鵝、海獅，和海鬣蜥而言。

But we didn't even know that that

沒有食物，生物就會死亡。

affected the Galapagos when I went to study penguins.

然而，當我過去研究企鵝的時候，

And you can imagine being on an island hoping you're going to see penguins,

我們根本不知道這會影響加拉帕戈斯島。

and you're in the middle of an El Nino event

想像你在一個島上，期盼能看到企鵝，

and there are no penguins.

但因為當地有聖嬰現象，

They're not breeding; they're not even around.

所以看不到任何企鵝。

I studied marine iguanas at that point.

牠們不是在繁衍後代，牠們根本不在那兒。

But this is a global phenomenon, we know that.

那個時間點，我研究了海鬣蜥。

And if you look along the coast of Argentina, where I work now,

然而，我們都知道這是個全球性的現像，

at a place called Punta Tombo --

倘若觀察阿根廷海岸，也就是我現在工作的地方，

the largest Magellanic penguin colony in the world

那裡有個地方叫湯波角，

down here about 44 degrees south latitude --

那是世界上最大的麥哲倫企鵝居住地。

you see that there's great variation here.

大約在南緯44度，

Some years, the cold water

你可以看到這裡的變化很大。

goes all the way up to Brazil,

有幾年，

and other years, in these La Nina years, it doesn't.

寒流會一直流到巴西，

So the oceans don't always act together; they act differently,

但在反聖嬰現象的這幾年，寒流則不會流到巴西。

but that is the kind of variation

因此，海洋不會一成不變，而是變幻莫測。

that penguins have to live with,

但這種變化

and it's not easy.

是企鵝必須面對的，

So when I went to study the Magellanic penguins,

且一點都不容易。

I didn't have any problems.

因此，當我赴當地研究麥哲倫企鵝，

There were plenty of them.

我並沒有碰上麻煩。

This is a picture at Punta Tombo in February

當地的麥哲倫企鵝很多。

showing all the penguins along the beach.

這是二月時在湯波角拍的照片，

I went there because the Japanese wanted to start harvesting them

所有企鵝都在沙灘上。

and turning them into high fashion golf gloves,

我會到那邊是因為日本人想開始捕殺牠們，

protein and oil.

並把牠們變成時尚的高球手套、

Fortunately, nobody has harvested any penguins

蛋白質，和油。

and we're getting over 100,000 tourists a year to see them.

幸運的是，還沒有人捕殺任何一隻企鵝，

But the population is declining

反而一年有十萬多名遊客去一睹牠們的盧山面目。

and it's declined fairly substantially, about 21 percent

然而，企鵝的數量正在下降中，

since 1987, when I started these surveys,

且下降的幅度相當大，自我從1987年開始調查，

in terms of number of active nests.

已下降了大約百分之21，

Here, you can see where Punta Tombo is,

這些數據是根據企鵝的巢穴數量計算而得。

and they breed in incredibly dense colonies.

現在大家看到的是湯波角的位置，

We know this because of long-term science,

此地的企鵝在很密集的地方繁殖。

because we have long-term studies there.

我們會知道這些，得歸因於長期的科學發展，

And science is important in informing decision makers,

也歸因於我們長期在當地的研究。

and also in changing how we do

科學不僅對決策很重要，

and knowing the direction of change that we're going in.

它對改變我們的行爲，

And so we have this penguin project. The Wildlife Conservation Society

以及讓我們了解改變的方向也同樣重要。

has funded me along with a lot of individuals

因此，我們有了這項企鵝研究計畫。野生動物保護協會

over the last 27 years

在過去27年中，

to be able to produce these kinds of maps.

贊助我和其他人，

And also, we know that it's not only

讓我們有辦法繪製出這些地圖。

Galapagos penguins that are in trouble,

此外，我們知道不單只有

but Magellanics and many other species of penguins.

加拉帕戈斯企鵝遭遇到麻煩，

And so we have started a global penguin society

就連麥哲倫企鵝和其他種類的企鵝也碰到同樣的麻煩。

to try to focus on the real plight of penguins.

所以，我們建立了一個全球企鵝社群，

This is one of the plights of penguins: oil pollution.

以關注企鵝面臨的真實困境。

Penguins don't like oil

企鵝面臨的困境之一是石油污染。

and they don't like to swim through oil.

企鵝不喜歡石油，

The nice thing is, if you look down here in Argentina,

也不喜歡在石油中游泳。

there's no surface oil pollution from this composite map.

好事是，如果你看看阿根廷，

But, in fact, when we went to Argentina,

你從這張合成的地圖上看不到石油污染。

penguins were often found

然而，真實情況是當我們到達阿根廷，

totally covered in oil.

我們常發現企鵝

So they were just minding their own business.

全身沾滿了油污。

They ended up swimming through ballast water that had oil in it.

牠們只是在做自己的事，

Because when tankers carry oil

卻落得必須在飄滿石油的水中游泳。

they have to have ballast at some point,

原因是當油輪載著石油，

so when they're empty, they have the ballast water in there.

石油就是這些油輪的壓艙物，

When they come back, they actually dump

而當船身清空的時候，油輪就必須將水引入船體。

this oily ballast water into the ocean.

每當油輪回航，油輪便將船中油膩的壓艙水

Why do they do that? Because it's cheaper,

往海中傾倒。

because they don't pay the real environmental costs.

為什麼會這樣？因為比較省錢，

We usually don't, and we want to start

因為這些船隻不必爲環境付出真正的代價。

getting the accounting system right

我們通常不會這樣，而是想開始

so we can pay the real cost.

建立完好的會計系統，

At first, the Argentine government said, "No, there's no way.

好讓人人都能爲自己的所作所為買單。

You can't find oiled penguins in Argentina.

剛開始，阿根廷政府表示，「不，不可能。

We have laws,

你在阿根廷看不到被石油污染的企鵝，

and we can't have illegal dumping; it's against the law."

我們有法律規定，

So we ended up spending nine years

不允許非法傾倒廢油，那是違法的。」

convincing the government that there were lots of oiled penguins.

所以我們花了九年的時間，

In some years, like this year, we found

讓政府相信當地有很多被石油污染的企鵝。

more than 80 percent

有某幾年，像是這一年，我們發現

of the adult penguins dead on the beach

超過80%

were covered in oil.

的成年企鵝死在沙灘上，

These little blue dots are the fledglings --

牠們全身沾滿了石油。

we do this survey every March --

這些小藍點代表幼雛，

which means that they're only in the environment

我們每年三月都會做這項調查，

from January until March,

這代表幼鳥在這裡的時間

so maybe three months at the most

只從1月到3月。

that they could get covered in oil.

所以牠們被石油污染的機會

And you can see, in some years over 60 percent

最多有三個月。

of the fledglings were oiled.

你可以看到在某幾年中，超過60%

Eventually, the government listened

的幼雛全身佈滿石油。

and, amazingly, they changed their laws.

最後，政府聽進去了，

They moved the tanker lanes

令人訝異的是，他們也進行了修法。

40 kilometers farther off shore,

他們將油輪航線

and people are not doing as much illegal dumping.

移到岸邊40公里外的地方，

So what we're seeing now

且人們傾倒廢油的非法動作也降低許多。

is very few penguins are oiled.

所以，我們現在看到的是，

Why are there even these penguins oiled?

只有極少數的企鵝遭到石油污染。

Because we've solved the problem in Chubut province,

為什麼還是有被石油污染的企鵝？

which is like a state in Argentina

因為我們解決了丘布特省的問題，

where Punta Tombo is --

它像是阿根廷境內的一個州，

so that's about 1,000 kilometers of coastline --

也是湯波角的所在地，

but we haven't solved the problem

那邊的海岸線大概有1000公里，

in northern Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.

但我們還沒解決

So now I want to show you that penguins are affected.

阿根廷北部、烏拉圭，和巴西境內的問題。

I'm just going to talk about two things.

所以，我現在要給大家看看被這些問題影響的企鵝。

This is climate change. Now this has really been a fun study

我只說兩件事。

because I put satellite tags on the back

這是氣候變遷，這其實是項有趣的研究，

of these Magellanic penguins.

因為我把衛星標記置於

Try to convince donors to give you a couple thousand dollars

麥哲倫企鵝的背上。

to glue a satellite tag on the back of penguins.

想想要說服捐款者贊助我們幾千美元，

But we've been doing this now for more than a decade to learn where they go.

把衛星標記貼在企鵝的後背。

We thought we needed a marine protected area

然而，這個動作已持續十年以上了，以了解牠們的遷徙。

of about 30 kilometers,

我們認為我們需要一個海洋保護區，