one translation of which is, "The world is sound."

印度人說：「那答布拉馬」，

And in a way, that's true, because everything is vibrating.

翻譯過來就是：「有聲世界」。

In fact, all of you as you sit here right now are vibrating.

在某方面來說，這很正確，因為萬物都會振動，

Every part of your body is vibrating at different frequencies.

就算你現在坐在位子上，還是在振動，

So you are, in fact, a chord --

我們身體的每一個部位都以不同的頻率在振動。

each of you an individual chord.

所以我們本身就是一種和弦，

One definition of health may be

我們每一個人都是一種獨立的和弦。

that that chord is in complete harmony.

如果這種和弦可以很和諧地運作，

Your ears can't hear that chord;

也可視為另外一種健康的定義。

they can actually hear amazing things. Your ears can hear 10 octaves.

人類的耳朵聽不到這種和弦，

Incidentally, we see just one octave.

但人耳能聽到神奇的聲音，我們可以聽見十個八度音階，

Your ears are always on -- you have no ear lids.

但通常我們只會注意到一個八度音階。

They work even when you sleep.

人耳是永遠打開的，不能自由開闔，

The smallest sound you can perceive

就算在睡覺的時候也能聽得見聲音。

moves your eardrum just four atomic diameters.

人類能聽到的最微小聲音，

The loudest sound you can hear

僅僅能讓我們的鼓膜振動4個原子直徑而已；

is a trillion times more powerful than that.

而我們能聽到最大的聲音，

Ears are made not for hearing,

則是最小聲音的兆倍以上。

but for listening.

耳朵不光只是可以聽聲音，

Listening is an active skill,

還能傾聽別人的心聲；

whereas hearing is passive, listening is something that we have to work at --

傾聽是一項主動的行為，

it's a relationship with sound.

而聽聲音則是被動的，所以我們在傾聽的時候必須專注，

And yet it's a skill that none of us are taught.

學習培養與聲音的良好互動，

For example, have you ever considered that there are listening positions,

但這個技巧卻從來沒有人教過我們。

places you can listen from?

舉例來說，你有沒有想過是否有指導我們

Here are two of them.

如何傾聽的技巧呢？

Reductive listening is listening "for."

我來舉二個傾聽的技巧：

It reduces everything down to what's relevant

縮小範圍式傾聽，是為聽而聽，

and it discards everything that's not relevant.

先把不相關的內容都去除，

Men typically listen reductively.

只留下重要的內容。

So he's saying, "I've got this problem."

男人大部分採取縮小範圍式傾聽，

He's saying, "Here's your solution. Thanks very much. Next."

如果某個男人說：「我有個問題...」

That's the way we talk, right guys?

另一個男人會回答：「解決方法是這樣，謝謝，下一位。」

Expansive listening, on the other hand,

我們男人就是這樣談話的，對吧？

is listening "with," not listening "for."

另一種擴大範圍式傾聽，

It's got no destination in mind --

是參與傾聽，而不是為聽而聽，

it's just enjoying the journey.

傾聽的人，心中沒設定什麼目標，

Women typically listen expansively.

只是很享受這種傾聽的過程。

If you look at these two, eye contact, facing each other,

女人大部分都採擴大範圍式傾聽，

possibly both talking at the same time.

你看看這二個女人，她們眼神接觸，面向對方，

(Laughter)

可能二個人都同時在講話。

Men, if you get nothing else out of this talk,

(笑聲)

practice expansive listening,

男性同胞們，聽完我的演講後，

and you can transform your relationships.

至少要學會擴大範圍式傾聽，

The trouble with listening is that so much of what we hear

這樣至少可以改善你的人際關係。

is noise, surrounding us all the time.

傾聽的困難度在於，當我們要傾聽的時候，

Noise like this, according to the European Union,

總是有許多噪音圍繞在我們四周，

is reducing the health and the quality of life

依據歐盟的講法，這種噪音

of 25 percent

會降低歐洲人口

of the population of Europe.

25%的

Two percent of the population of Europe --

生活品質與健康。

that's 16 million people --

歐洲有約2%的人，

are having their sleep devastated

也就是1600萬人，

by noise like that.

因為這種噪音

Noise kills

而夜不成眠。

200,000 people a year in Europe.

噪音一年

It's a really big problem.

會導致二十萬歐洲人死亡，

Now, when you were little, if you had noise and you didn't want to hear it,

真的是很嚴重的問題。

you'd stick your fingers in your ears and hum.

在我們小時候，如果遇到有噪音又不想聽的時候，

These days, you can do a similar thing, it just looks a bit cooler.

我們會把手指塞進耳朵裡，自己哼歌唱。

It looks a bit like this.

現在，你也可以做類似的動作，看起來還很酷，

The trouble with widespread headphone use

用這種東西就可以了。

is it brings three really big health issues.

但大量使用耳機的壞處

The first really big health issue is a word that Murray Schafer coined:

是會引發三項嚴重的健康問題，

"schizophonia."

第一項問題，被莫瑞．雪佛(作曲家)定義為：

It's a dislocation

"schizophonia"(音景分裂)，

between what you see and what you hear.

也就是聽覺

So, we're inviting into our lives

和視覺的錯置。

the voices of people who are not present with us.

我們在生活裡，加入了許多

I think there's something deeply unhealthy

身旁的人以外的聲音，

about living all the time in schizophonia.

我覺得長期處在音景分裂狀態下，

The second problem that comes with headphone abuse

是很不健康的。

is compression.

配戴耳機會造成的第二個健康問題

We squash music to fit it into our pocket

就是壓縮，

and there is a cost attached to this.

我們把音樂壓縮進我們的口袋裡，

Listen to this -- this is an uncompressed piece of music.

這樣做有個問題。

(Music)

聽聽看這個，這是未經壓縮過的音樂。

And now the same piece of music with 98 percent of the data removed.

(音樂)

(Music)

現在再來聽聽相同的音樂，其中98%因壓縮而被移除。

I do hope that some of you at least

(音樂)

can hear the difference between those two.

我真的希望你們之中有人

There is a cost of compression.

能聽得出來這二者的差別，

It makes you tired and irritable to have to make up all of that data.

這就是壓縮音樂的代價，

You're having to imagine it.

它會讓你不耐煩、也不想去想像那些

It's not good for you in the long run.

你必須去想像的聲音，

The third problem with headphones is this: deafness --

長期來說，對我們的健康是不好的。

noise-induced hearing disorder.

戴耳機會引發的第三個問題是：耳聾，

Ten million Americans already have this for one reason or another,

NIHD--噪音引起的聽覺障礙。

but really worryingly,

有一千萬個美國人，因為各種原因而有聽覺障礙，

16 percent --

但真正讓我們擔心的是，

roughly one in six -- of American teenagers

有16%的

suffer from noise-induced hearing disorder

美國青少年，也就是六個青少年中有一個，

as a result of headphone abuse.

因為配戴耳機而產生這種

One study at an American university

因噪音引起的聽覺障礙。

found that 61 percent of college freshmen

美國某間大學所做的一項研究顯示，

had damaged hearing

有61%的大學新鮮人，

as a result of headphone abuse.

因為配戴耳機

We may be raising an entire generation of deaf people.

而產生聽覺障礙。

Now that's a really serious problem.

我們的下一代很有可能都會有聽覺障礙，

I'll give you three quick tips to protect your ears

這真的是很嚴重的問題。

and pass these on to your children, please.

有三個小方法可以保護你的耳朵，

Professional hearing protectors are great;

請務必教導給你的小孩：

I use some all the time.

專業的護耳器很棒，

If you're going to use headphones, buy the best ones you can afford

我經常戴著；

because quality means you don't have to have it so loud.

若一定要用耳機，請買你能力範圍內，品質最好的耳機，

If you can't hear somebody talking to you in a loud voice,

因為好品質的耳機可以讓你不用開那麼大的音量，

it's too loud.

如果戴上耳機後，聽不到別人大聲對你說話，

And thirdly, if you're in bad sound,

耳機的音量就太大了；

it's fine to put your fingers in your ears or just move away from it.

第三，如果你處於有噪音的環境，

Protect your ears in that way.

你可以用手指塞住你的耳朵，或乾脆走開，

Let's move away from bad sound and look at some friends that I urge you to seek out.

這樣才能保護你的耳朵。

WWB:

我建議大家儘量遠離噪音，去見見這幾位朋友：

Wind, water, birds --

W，W，B：

stochastic natural sounds

也就是風、水和鳥類，

composed of lots of individual random events,

這種是隨機的自然聲音，

all of it very healthy,

由各種不同的隨機聲音所組成，

all of it sound that we evolved to over the years.

每一種都很健康，

Seek those sounds out; they're good for you and so it this.

每一種都伴隨著我們人類演化至今。

Silence is beautiful.

到戶外找找這種聲音，對你很有幫助，這種聲音也是，

The Elizabethans described language

靜默也有另一種美感。

as decorated silence.

伊利莎白時代的人認為

I urge you to move away from silence with intention

語言只是為了裝飾沈默。

and to design soundscapes just like works of art.

我希望各位能先認識靜默之美，

Have a foreground, a background, all in beautiful proportion.

再轉而體會音效設計之美，就像藝術品一樣，

It's fun to get into designing with sound.

要有前景、背景，還要有完美的比例。

If you can't do it yourself, get a professional to do it for you.

聲音的設計是很有趣的，

Sound design is the future,

如果你自己做不來，就請專業人士幫忙。

and I think it's the way we're going to change the way the world sounds.

聲音設計會是未來的趨勢，

I'm going to just run quickly through eight modalities,

我認為我們可以藉此改變世界的聲音生態。

eight ways sound can improve health.

我很快地為各位介紹八種聲音療法，

First, ultrasound: we're very familiar with it from physical therapy;

這八種聲音療法可以改善各位的健康。

it's also now being used to treat cancer.

第一，超音波：大家健檢時都會用到，

Lithotripsy -- saving thousands of people a year from the scalpel

現在也被用來治療癌症。

by pulverizing stones with high-intensity sound.

碎石術：每一年都讓數以千計的病患免於開刀之苦，

Sound healing is a wonderful modality.

用高強度的音頻將結石震碎。

It's been around for thousands of years.

聲音療癒法是很棒的療法，

I do urge you to explore this.

已經被人類使用了數千年了，

There are great things being done there, treating now autism,

我建議各位嚐試一下，

dementia and other conditions.

現在已被廣泛應用，可以治療自閉症、

And music, of course. Just listening to music is good for you,

痴呆及其他症狀。

if it's music that's made with good intention,

音樂，當然光聽音樂就很棒了，

made with love, generally.

尤其是出於善意、

Devotional music, good -- Mozart, good.

充滿愛意的音樂更棒，

There are all sorts of types of music

像是宗教音樂或莫札特都很棒，

that are very healthy.

各式各樣的音樂

And four modalities where you need to take some action

對人體健康都很有幫助。

and get involved.

還有四種聲音療法是需要各位

First of all, listen consciously.

主動參與的，

I hope that that after this talk you'll be doing that.

第一是有意識的傾聽，

It's a whole new dimension to your life and it's wonderful to have that dimension.

我希望各位在演講結束後就身體力行，

Secondly, get in touch with making some sound --

你會體驗到完全不同的境界，達到那個境界是很棒的事。

create sound.

第二，製造一些聲音、

The voice is the instrument we all play,

發出聲響，

and yet how many of us are trained in using our voice? Get trained;

聲音是我們每個人都會的樂器，

learn to sing, learn to play an instrument.

但有多少人受過發聲訓練？學習發聲，

Musicians have bigger brains -- it's true.

學習唱歌，學習演奏樂器。

You can do this in groups as well.

音樂家的腦袋確實比一般人來得大，

It's a fantastic antidote to schizophonia;

你也可以和大家一起演奏樂器或歌唱，

to make music and sound in a group of people,

這是對抗音景分裂的最佳良藥，

whichever style you enjoy particularly.

和別人一起演奏或歌唱，

And let's take a stewarding role for the sound around us.

只要你喜歡的型式都可以。

Protect your ears? Yes, absolutely.

我們必須學會尊重週遭的聲音，

Design soundscapes to be beautiful around you

還得要保護自己的耳朵，

at home and at work.

為你自己的家或工作場所設計出

And let's start to speak up

悠美的聲音效果；

when people are assailing us

若有人用

with the noise that I played you early on.

剛才那種噪音攻擊你時，

So I'm going to leave you with seven things you can do right now

要學會出聲制止。

to improve your health with sound.

在結束之前，我要告訴各位七項你現在就可以做的事，

My vision is of a world that sounds beautiful

來改善你的聽力。

and if we all start doing these things,

我希望世界都充滿美妙的聲音，

we will take a very big step in that direction.

如果我們都能開始做這七件事，

So I urge you to take that path.

我們就能朝這個方向大步邁進。

I'm leaving you with a little more birdsong, which is very good for you.

所以我建議各位採取這些行動。

I wish you sound health.

我要再播放一些鳥鳴聲，對你的健康很有幫助，

(Applause)

希望各位的聽力都能保持健康。