to some place so deep,

今天我將要帶大家進行一次航行

so dark, so unexplored

到那些深海

that we know less about it than we know about the dark side of the moon.

昏暗無光，未被探索

It's a place of myth and legend.

比起我們對月球背面的瞭解知之更少

It's a place marked on ancient maps

這是一個富有神秘氣息和傳奇色彩的世界

as "here be monsters."

它在古代地圖上被標注

It is a place where each new voyage of exploration

為‘怪物出沒’

brings back new discoveries of creatures so wondrous and strange

每一次到這裡新的探索

that our forefathers would have considered them monstrous indeed.

都帶回了許多驚奇特異生物的發現

Instead, they just make me green with envy

它們曾被我們的祖先們認為是怪物

that my colleague from IUCN

然而，它們卻讓我充滿羡慕嫉妒

was able to go on this journey to the south of Madagascar seamounts

因為我的IUCN(國際自然保護聯盟)的同事

to actually take photographs

能夠到馬達加斯加海嶺南部進行這次探索旅行

and to see these wondrous creatures of the deep.

拍到真實的照片

We are talking about the high seas.

並且親眼看到這些驚奇的深海生物

The "high seas" is a legal term,

我們談論的是公海

but in fact, it covers 50 percent of the planet.

公海是一個法律概念

With an average depth of the oceans

但實際上，公海的範圍覆蓋了整個地球的一半

of 4,000 meters,

公海平均深度

in fact, the high seas covers and provides

為四千米

nearly 90 percent of the habitat

事實上，公海提供了

for life on this Earth.

幾乎百分之九十的生存場所

It is, in theory, the global commons,

為地球上的生命

belonging to us all.

理論上說，它是全球所共有的

But in reality,

屬於我們大家

it is managed by and for

但是實際上

those who have the resources

它的管理者是

to go out and exploit it.

那些能夠有條件

So today I'm going to take you on a voyage

去公海航行和探索的人們

to cast light on some of the outdated myths

所以今天我會帶大家進行一次航行

and legends and assumptions

去消除一些陳舊的謎團

that have kept us as the true stakeholders

傳說和假設

in the high seas in the dark.

這些一直阻礙我們成為真正的利益相關者

We're going to voyage to some of these special places

在昏暗的公海海洋中

that we've been discovering in the past few years

我們將要去的是一些十分特別的地方

to show why we really need to care.

這些地方我們已經在過去幾年有了很多探索和發現

And then finally, we're going to try

我要向大家展示我們應該真正關心公海的原因

to develop and pioneer a new perspective

而且最終我們將會嘗試

on high seas governance

去發展和開創出一個嶄新的觀念

that's rooted in ocean-basin-wide conservation,

對於公海管理

but framed in an arena of global norms

根植于海盆的保護

of precaution and respect.

但是卻有著國際準則的框架

So here is a picture of the high seas

的預防和重視

as seen from above --

這是一張公海的圖片

that area in the darker blue.

正如我們之前所看到

To me, as an international lawyer,

這些範圍用深藍色表示

this scared me far more

我作為一個國際法工作者

than any of the creatures or the monsters we may have seen,

這讓我感到害怕

for it belies the notion that you can actually protect the ocean,

比任何我們可能見過的生物或怪物更為害怕

the global ocean,

因為這證明了我們沒有真正地保護海洋

that provides us all with carbon storage,

全球海域

with heat storage, with oxygen,

它提供給我們所有的碳

if you can only protect 36 percent.

熱，還有氧

This is indeed the true heart of the planet.

如果你只保護了其中的百分之三十六

Some of the problems that we have to confront

這是這個星球的真正的心臟

are that the current international laws --

我們不得不面對的一些問題是

for example, shipping --

現在的國際法

provide more protection

例如，航行條例

to the areas closest to shore.

提供了保護更多的是

For example, garbage discharge,

對那些靠近海岸的海域

something you would think just simply goes away,

例如，垃圾排放

but the laws regulating

有些你考慮到的僅僅是略過

ship discharge of garbage

但是監管

actually get weaker the further you are from shore.

航船垃圾排放的法律

As a result, we have garbage patches

當你越遠離海岸實際上越鬆散

the size of twice-Texas.

結果，我們排放的垃圾面積

It's unbelievable.

有兩個德克薩斯大

We used to think the solution to pollution

真是難以置信

was dilution,

我們曾經想過解決污染的辦法

but that has proved to be no longer the case.

那就是稀釋

So what we have learned from social scientists

但是那已被證實無法繼續奏效

and economists like Elinor Ostrom,

所以我們從一些社會學家

who are studying the phenomenon

和像Elinor Ostrom這樣的經濟學家

of management of the commons on a local scale,

他們研究的現象

is that there are certain prerequisites

是局部地區公共財產的管理

that you can put into place

學習到的是有一些特定前提條件

that enable you to manage

你需要置定

and access open space

這些條件讓你能夠管理

for the good of one and all.

和接觸公共領域

And these include a sense of shared responsibility,

為了個人和社會的利益

common norms that bind people together as a community.

這些包括一種共同的責任感

Conditional access: You can invite people in,

讓人們組成社會的共同規範

but they have to be able to play by the rules.

有條件准入：你可以邀請人們進來

And of course, if you want people to play by the rules,

但是他們必須能遵守遊戲規則

you still need an effective system

當然，如果你想要人們遵守規則

of monitoring and enforcement,

你仍然需要一個有效的系統

for as we've discovered,

監管和執行的系統

you can trust, but you also need to verify.

在我們已經瞭解的範圍內

What I'd also like to convey

你可以相信但仍然需要核實

is that it is not all doom and gloom

我想要傳達的是

that we are seeing in the high seas.

劫難和陰暗

For a group of very dedicated individuals --

並不是我們在公海上所看到的全部

scientists, conservationists,

對於那些十分具有奉獻精神的人們

photographers and states --

科學家，生態環境保護者

were able to actually change a tragic trajectory

攝影師和國家等

that was destroying fragile seascapes

有能力去阻止一個悲劇的發生

such as this coral garden

摧毀那些脆弱的海洋風光

that you see in front of you.

正如這個珊瑚群

That is, we're able to save it from a fate

你們所看到的這個

of deep-sea bottom trawling.

我們有能力拯救它

And how did we do that?

免受深海海底拖網作業的破壞

Well, as I said, we had a group of photographers that went out on board ships

我們是如何做到的呢

and actually photographed the activities in process.

正如我所說，我們有一群攝影師，他們登上開往公海的船

But we also spent many hours

拍攝這些拖網作業活動的照片

in the basements of the United Nations,

另外我們也投入大量時間

trying to work with governments to make them understand

在聯合國的機構

what was going on so far away from land

努力與各國政府合作并讓他們瞭解到

that few of us had ever even imagined

遠離陸地的深海上鎖發生的這一切

that these creatures existed.

這些我們從未能想像得到

So within three years,

這些生物的存在

from 2003 to 2006,

在這三年中

we were able to get norm in place

二〇〇三年到二〇〇六年

that actually changed the paradigm

我們能夠建立規範

of how fishers went about

這些規範改變了過去的範式

deep-sea bottom trawling.

關於捕魚業者去

Instead of "go anywhere, do anything you want,"

深海海底的拖網作業

we actually created a regime

他們不再想到哪兒就到哪兒，想做什麽就做什麽

that required prior assessment of where you're going

我們創造了一種制度

and a duty to prevent significant harm.

它要求我們對我們的去處進行先期評估

In 2009, when the U.N. reviewed progress,

它要求我們承擔避免重大損害的責任

they discovered

在二〇〇九年，當聯合國回顧我們的項目時

that almost 100 million square-kilometers of seabed

他們發現

had been protected.

差不多有一億平方公里的海床

This does not mean that it's the final solution,

得到了保護

or that this even provides permanent protection.

這並不意味著這就是公海問題的最終解決方案

But what it does mean

也不意味著這為公海提供了永久的保護

is that a group of individuals can form a community

但是這意味著

to actually shape

一群個體能夠組成一個社會

the way high seas are governed,

去塑造

to create a new regime.

公海時代的管理方法

So I'm looking optimistically at our opportunities

去創造新的規範制度

for creating a true, blue perspective

所以我十分看好我們的機遇

for this beautiful planet.

創造一個真正的蔚藍樣貌

Sylvia's wish

為這個美麗的星球

provides us with that leverage, that access

西爾維婭的希望(項目名稱)

to the heart of human beings,

為我們提供了捷徑

you might say,

到人類的內心

who have rarely seen places beyond their own toes,

也許你會說

but are now hopefully going to become interested

這些人幾乎沒看過自己腳尖外一點的地方

in the full life-cycle of creatures like these sea turtles,

現在卻好像越來越感興趣

who indeed spend most of their time in the high seas.

像海龜這樣的生物的生命週期

Today, we're just going to voyage to a small sampling

這些人在公海方面投入了大量的時間和精力

of some of these special areas,

今天我們只是航行到一個很小的海域

just to give you an idea of the flavor

它只是這些特別海域的一個樣本

of the riches and wonders they do contain.

只是爲了讓大家能有一些

The Sargasso Sea, for example,

對於公海內涵的豐富和奇妙的一些初步認識

is not a sea bounded by coastlines,

例如，馬尾藻海域

but it is bounded by oceanic currents

這不是一個被海岸線包圍的海域

that contain and envelope

而是被洋流所環繞

this wealth of sargassum

這些洋流帶來了

that grows and aggregates there.

海藻所需要的養分

It's also known as the spawning ground for eels

這些養分讓這裡的海藻十分旺盛地繁衍和聚集

from Northern European

這個海域也作為鰻魚的產卵地而著名

and Northern American rivers

這些鰻魚來自北歐

that are now so dwindling in numbers

和北美的河流

that they've actually stopped showing up in Stockholm,

他們的數量正在大量減少

and five showed up in the U.K. just recently.

因為它們在斯德哥爾摩便停止了活動

But the Sargasso Sea,

而且才在英國有了一些活動的跡象

the same way it aggregates sargassum weed,

但是馬尾藻海域

actually is pulling in the plastic

正如它不斷集聚了馬尾藻的種子

from throughout the region.

也正在不斷集聚塑料垃圾

This picture doesn't exactly show

這些垃圾來自北大西洋地區

the plastics that I would like it to show, because I haven't been out there myself.

這張圖片並沒有準確的展示

But there has just been a study

我想要展示的那些塑料垃圾，因為我自己從未到過那裡

that was released in February

但是有最新的研究

that showed there are 200,000

已經在二月份在那裡進行

pieces of plastic per square-kilometer

這個研究表明那裡每平方公里有二十萬個

now floating in the surface of the Sargasso Sea,

塑料垃圾

and that is affecting the habitat

現在它們正漂浮在馬尾藻海域的表面

for the many species in their juvenile stages

研究還表明它們正嚴重影響著

who come to the Sargasso Sea

許多物種幼蟲階段的生存發育環境

for its protection and its food.

這些生物來到馬尾藻海域

The Sargasso Sea is also a wondrous place

正是爲了得到這片海域的保護和養分

for the aggregation of these unique species

馬尾藻海域也是一個令人驚奇的地方

that have developed to mimic the sargassum habitat.

因為這裡集聚了大量奇特的生物

It also provides a special habitat

它們已經適應了馬尾藻海的生存環境

for these flying fish to lay their eggs.

它也提供了一個特殊的場所

But what I'd like to get from this picture

為這些飛魚產卵

is that we truly do have an opportunity

但是我從這張圖片中所感受到的是

to launch a global initiative for protection.

我們真的擁有一個機會

Thus, the government of Bermuda has recognized the need

去開創一種全球化的保護

and its responsibility

百慕大政府已經發現了這樣的必要性

as having some of the Sargasso Sea

和自己的責任

within its national jurisdiction --

因為它在部份馬尾藻海域

but the vast majority is beyond --

擁有司法管轄權力

to help spearhead a movement

但是在廣袤的其他海域卻沒有

to achieve protection for this vital area.

百慕大政府正帶頭發起一次行動

Spinning down to someplace a little bit cooler than here right now:

來保護這個極其重要的海域

the Ross Sea in the Southern Ocean.

現在讓我們轉到一個比馬尾藻海域冷一點的地方

It's actually a bay.

南太平洋的羅斯海域

It's considered high seas, because the continent

實際上這是一個海灣

has been put off limits

它被視為公海，因為這裡

to territorial claims.

在任何國家的管轄範圍之外

So anything in the water is treated as if it's the high seas.

沒有任何主權領土宣稱

But what makes the Ross Sea important

所以這裡水下的一切都與公海內的同樣對待

is the vast sea of pack ice

但是讓羅斯海域十分重要的是

that in the spring and summer

這裡大量的海冰

provides a wealth of phytoplankton and krill

在春夏季節

that supports what, till recently,

這些海冰為浮游植物和磷蝦提供了養分

has been a virtually intact

直到今天，這些生物仍支持著

near-shore ecosystem.

這個事實上原封未動未受損害的

But unfortunately, CCAMLR,

近海生態系統

the regional commission

但是不幸的是，CAMLAR

in charge of conserving and managing fish stocks

它是一個地域性的委員會

and other living marine resources,

負責保護和管理漁業資源

is unfortunately starting to give in to fishing interests

和其他一些海洋資源

and has authorized the expansion

十分不幸的是它目前開始在漁業利益上讓步

of toothfish fisheries in the region.

并授權

The captain of a New Zealand vessel

增加這個海域的圓鱈魚捕撈量

who was just down there

一個新西蘭船長

is reporting a significant decline

他才去過羅斯海

in the number of the Ross Sea killer whales,

報告了那裡

who are directly dependent on the Antarctic toothfish

虎鯨數量的急劇減少

as their main source of food.

這些虎鯨十分依賴南極地區的圓鱈魚

So what we need to do is to stand up boldly,

作為他們的主要食物

singly and together,

所以我們要做的是勇敢的站起來

to push governments,

我們一起

to push regional fisheries management organizations,

向政府施壓

to declare our right

向那些地區漁業管理機構施壓

to declare certain areas off-limits to high seas fishing,

表明我們的權利

so that the freedom to fish no longer means

表明一些公海漁業捕撈量的合理上限

the freedom to fish anywhere and anytime.

來阻止捕撈自由成為一種

Coming closer to here, the Costa Rica Dome

何時何地都能捕撈的無限自由

is a recently discovered area --

換一個比較靠近我們的海域，中部美洲西海岸

potentially year-round habitat for blue whales.

是一個最近才開發的地區

There's enough food there to last them

潛在的藍鯨的週期性生存海域

the summer and the winter long.

這裡有足夠食物

But what's unusual about the Costa Rica Dome

支持它們度過四季

is, in fact, it's not a permanent place.

但是這片海域特殊之處在于

It's an oceanographic phenomenon

實際上它不是一個永久固定的地方

that shifts in time and space on a seasonal basis.

這是一種海洋學現象

So, in fact, it's not permanently in the high seas.

會隨著時間和地域季節性變動

It's not permanently in the exclusive economic zones

所以事實上，它并非是在公海上永久固定

of these five Central American countries,

它也沒有固定在中美五國的

but it moves with the season.

專屬經濟區內

As such, it does create a challenge to protect,

它隨著季節不斷移動

but we also have a challenge protecting the species that move along with it.

正因如此，這向我們的保護提出了挑戰

We can use the same technologies that fishers use

也向我們保護隨著它一起移動的生物提出了挑戰

to identify where the species are,

我們可以用捕魚者使用的技術

in order to close the area

來確認這些生物在哪裡

when it's most vulnerable,

爲了靠近這個海域

which may, in some cases, be year-round.

當它十分脆弱時

Getting closer to shore, where we are,

有時是以年為週期

this was in fact taken in the Galapagos.

當我們靠近海岸一點

Many species are headed through this region,

便會發現這正是加拉帕戈斯群島所發生的

which is why there's been so much attention

許多物種都從這個區域通過

put into conservation

這正是這裡

of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape.

在保護工作方面被重視的原因

This is the initiative that's been coordinated

這個地區在東太平洋的熱帶部份

by Conservation International

這是第一次保護工作的配合

with a variety of partners and governments

國際保護組織

to actually try to bring integrated management regime