who didn't move out of their neighborhoods.

今天，我要向各位介紹一些

The first one is happening right here in Chicago.

從未離開過家鄉的人。

Brenda Palms-Farber was hired

第一位來自芝加哥。

to help ex-convicts reenter society

Brenda Palms-Farber ，她的工作是

and keep them from going back into prison.

幫助有前科的人重返社會

Currently, taxpayers spend

並防止他們再犯罪。

about 60,000 dollars per year

目前統計，我們納稅人

sending a person to jail.

每年要支付近 6 萬美元

We know that two-thirds of them are going to go back.

來供養一位監獄的囚犯。

I find it interesting that, for every one dollar

而我們都知道，有三分之二的人會再回到監獄裡。

we spend, however, on early childhood education,

但有趣的是，

like Head Start,

如果我們多花一元在幼兒教育上，

we save 17 dollars

像Head Start (美國政府的幼兒教育計畫)，

on stuff like incarceration in the future.

在未來，我們就能

Or -- think about it -- that 60,000 dollars

少花17元在監禁犯身上。

is more than what it costs

從另一個角度來想，

to send one person to Harvard as well.

有6萬美元的話，

But Brenda, not being phased by stuff like that,

把一個人送去哈佛念書還綽綽有餘。

took a look at her challenge

但 Brenda 並沒有被這些事情困擾，

and came up

她接受眼前的挑戰，

with a not-so-obvious solution:

並採取了

create a business

一個看起來不太起眼的解決方案:

that produces skin care products from honey.

成立一家公司

Okay, it might be obvious to some of you; it wasn't to me.

專門生產蜂蜜成分的護膚品。

It's the basis of growing a form of social innovation

好吧，我知道對各位來說可能沒什麼特別，但對我來說剛好相反。

that has real potential.

一個社會創新企業的成長動力

She hired seemingly unemployable men and women

來自於它的潛力。

to care for the bees, harvest the honey

表面上，她雇用了一些失業的男女

and make value-added products

去照顧蜜蜂，採收蜂蜜

that they marketed themselves,

製造有附加價值的產品，

and that were later sold at Whole Foods.

然後作行銷，

She combined employment experience and training

隨後在 Whole Foods 銷售(美國最大的有機超市)。

with life skills they needed,

她將工作經驗和訓練

like anger-management and teamwork,

融入成為他們的生活技能，

and also how to talk to future employers

像是把情緒管理和團隊合作合併，

about how their experiences

也教員工

actually demonstrated the lessons that they had learned

如何能向未來的新進人員

and their eagerness to learn more.

訴說他們所學到的教訓，

Less than four percent

以及他們對於學習的熱忱。

of the folks that went through her program

在她的公司中

actually go back to jail.

再回到監獄的員工

So these young men and women learned job-readiness

足足低於4%。

and life skills through bee keeping

這些男女透過照顧蜜蜂

and became productive citizens in the process.

得到工作技能和生活技能，

Talk about a sweet beginning.

同時也變成有生產力的人民。

Now, I'm going to take you to Los Angeles,

這是一個美妙的開端。

and lots of people know

現在，我要帶各位前往洛杉磯。

that L.A. has its issues.

大多數人都知道

But I'm going to talk about L.A.'s water issues right now.

洛杉磯有很多問題待解決。

They have not enough water on most days

而我現在要討論的是洛杉磯的食水問題。

and too much to handle when it rains.

在大多數的日子裡，洛杉磯都有缺乏飲用水的問題，

Currently, 20 percent

但是下雨的話水量又太多。

of California's energy consumption

近年來，

is used to pump water

加州有20%的用電

into mostly Southern California.

都是用來抽取地下水

Their spending loads, loads,

以便支援南加州的缺水。

to channel that rainwater out into the ocean

同時又要花大筆的金錢

when it rains and floods as well.

將下大雨後的泛濫大水

Now Andy Lipkis is working to help

引導到大海裡。

L.A. cut infrastructure costs

Andy Lipkis 的工作

associated with water management and urban heat island --

就是協助洛杉磯政府削減

linking trees, people and technology

水資源管理和熱島效應所帶來的成本支出，

to create a more livable city.

將樹木、人、科技串聯起來

All that green stuff actually naturally absorbs storm water,

創造一個更適人居住的城市。

also helps cool our cities.

綠色的大樹能吸收大量的水分，

Because, come to think about it,

同時又幫助城市降溫。

do you really want air-conditioning,

各位可以想像一下，

or is it a cooler room that you want?

你需要的是一台冷氣，

How you get it shouldn't make that much of a difference.

還是一間比較涼爽的房間?

So a few years ago,

不管使用那種方法，只要能夠達到預期的效果就行了。

L.A. County

就在幾年前，

decided that they needed to spend 2.5 billion dollars

洛杉磯縣

to repair the city schools.

決定投入二十五億美元

And Andy and his team discovered

修整全市的學校。

that they were going to spend 200 million of those dollars

Andy 和他的團隊得知

on asphalt to surround the schools themselves.

政府將把其中兩億美元

And by presenting a really strong economic case,

用於給學校四周的路面鋪上瀝青。

they convinced the L.A. government

通過展示一個非常經濟實惠的案例，

that replacing that asphalt

他們說服洛杉磯政府改變計畫，

with trees and other greenery,

將瀝青

that the schools themselves would save the system more on energy

換成綠樹和其它綠化帶，

than they spend on horticultural infrastructure.

這樣學校在綠化建設方面

So ultimately, 20 million square feet of asphalt

節省更多人力物力。

was replaced or avoided,

最後，鋪兩千萬平方英尺瀝青路的計畫

and electrical consumption for air-conditioning went down,

被取消了，

while employment

同時，使用空調所需的電力消耗降低了，

for people to maintain those grounds went up,

綠化帶需要人照顧，

resulting in a net-savings to the system,

這樣，許多人找到了工作，

but also healthier students and schools system employees as well.

成本就這樣被降低了，

Now Judy Bonds

同時，師生們得到了更健康的生活環境。

is a coal miner's daughter.

這是 Judy Bonds。

Her family has eight generations

一個煤炭礦工的女兒。

in a town called Whitesville, West Virginia.

她家庭的八代人

And if anyone should be clinging

都住在西維吉尼亞州一個叫做 Whitesville 的小鎮上。

to the former glory of the coal mining history,

如果有誰會以這個小鎮

and of the town,

光輝的煤炭開採史為榮，

it should be Judy.

以小鎮為榮，

But the way coal is mined right now is different

那非 Judy 莫屬了。

from the deep mines that her father

然而，現在的煤炭開採

and her father's father would go down into

與過去她的父親

and that employed essentially thousands and thousands of people.

以及祖父當年在深井裡

Now, two dozen men

幾千人同時作業的開採方式，大不相同。

can tear down a mountain in several months,

現在只要二十幾個人

and only for about a few years' worth of coal.

就能在幾個月內把一座山開採一空，

That kind of technology is called "mountaintop removal."

而開採出的煤炭只夠使用幾年。

It can make a mountain go from this to this

這種開採技術叫做山巔移除採礦法。

in a few short months.

它能使一座山在短短數月裡

Just imagine that the air surrounding these places --

從這樣變成那樣。

it's filled with the residue of explosives and coal.

想像一下周圍的空氣品質－

When we visited, it gave some of the people we were with

到處彌漫著易爆物和煤炭殘渣。

this strange little cough

我們去到那裡的時候，同行的一些人

after being only there for just a few hours or so --

莫名其妙地開始咳嗽

not just miners, but everybody.

我們只在那裡停留了幾個小時－

And Judy saw her landscape being destroyed

不僅是礦工，所有人都有同樣症狀。

and her water poisoned.

Judy 眼睜睜看著家園被破壞，

And the coal companies just move on

水體被污染。

after the mountain was emptied,

煤礦公司一旦把山挖空

leaving even more unemployment in their wake.

就一走了之，

But she also saw the difference in potential wind energy

使越來越多礦工失業。

on an intact mountain,

然而，她還看到了一座完整山體上風能的潛力

and one that was reduced in elevation

比另一座

by over 2,000 feet.

海拔相對低了兩千英尺的山體

Three years of dirty energy with not many jobs,

要多出許多。

or centuries of clean energy

用三年時間來開採污染環境的能源，

with the potential for developing expertise and improvements in efficiency

相比開發能夠持續幾百年的清潔能源，究竟哪個更合算呢?

based on technical skills,

前者會使許多人丟了工作，而後者卻有潛力發展專業技能，

and developing local knowledge

提高技術效率，

about how to get the most out of that region's wind.

根據當地情況

She calculated the up-front cost

最大程度地開發和利用風力資源。

and the payback over time,

她計算了初始成本

and it's a net-plus on so many levels

以及回報，

for the local, national and global economy.

結果表明這對地方，國家，乃至全球經濟

It's a longer payback than mountaintop removal,

都會帶來更高的淨收益。

but the wind energy actually pays back forever.

相比開採山頂煤礦，風能可以帶來長期回報，

Now mountaintop removal pays very little money to the locals,

而且這種風能源回報甚至是永久的。

and it gives them a lot of misery.

開採山頂煤礦給當地居民的回報很少，

The water is turned into goo.

並且還讓他們吃不少苦頭。

Most people are still unemployed,

原本潔淨的水變成了臭水。

leading to most of the same kinds of social problems

大多數人沒有工作，

that unemployed people in inner cities also experience --

由此，這裡的失業人群

drug and alcohol abuse,

與大城市裡失業的人們面臨著同樣的社會問題－

domestic abuse, teen pregnancy and poor heath, as well.

吸毒、酗酒、

Now Judy and I -- I have to say --

家庭暴力，未成年少女懷孕以及糟糕的健康狀況。

totally related to each other.

現在 Judy 和我－我可以這麼說－

Not quite an obvious alliance.

我們志同道合。

I mean, literally, her hometown is called Whitesville, West Virginia.

我們關係好得很。

I mean, they are not --

你看，她的家鄉是西維吉尼亞州的 Whitesville。

they ain't competing for the birthplace of hip hop title

他們不是－

or anything like that.

他們可沒在跟時尚嘻哈族群爭地盤，

But the back of my T-shirt, the one that she gave me,

絲毫也沒有。

says, "Save the endangered hillbillies."

但是，在她送我的T恤衫背面，

So homegirls and hillbillies we got it together

寫著：「拯救瀕臨絕種的鄉下人」。

and totally understand that this is what it's all about.

就這樣嘻哈女孩和鄉巴佬走在一起，

But just a few months ago,

非常明確各自的使命。

Judy was diagnosed

然而就在幾個月前，

with stage-three lung cancer.

Judy 被診斷出

Yeah.

患末期的肺癌。

And it has since moved to her bones and her brain.

真的。

And I just find it so bizarre

而且已經蔓延到了她的骨頭和大腦。

that she's suffering from the same thing

這真是太荒謬了，

that she tried so hard to protect people from.

她竭盡全力幫助人們防止肺癌，

But her dream

而自己卻得了肺癌。

of Coal River Mountain Wind

但是她的

is her legacy.

「煤河山風力發電專案」

And she might not

仍將繼續。

get to see that mountaintop.

也許，她等不到

But rather than writing

專案完成的那一天了。

yet some kind of manifesto or something,

她並沒有僅僅留下

she's leaving behind

一紙宣言，

a business plan to make it happen.

而是她正詳細劃定

That's what my homegirl is doing.

實施專案的具體計畫。

So I'm so proud of that.

我的這位姐妹正在忙這件事情。

(Applause)

我為她感到驕傲。

But these three people

（眾人鼓掌）

don't know each other,

這三個人

but they do have an awful lot in common.

彼此並不相識，

They're all problem solvers,

但是他們有著驚人的相似之處。

and they're just some of the many examples

他們都是解決問題的帶頭人，

that I really am privileged to see, meet and learn from

我非常幸運能夠結識他們並且向他們學習，

in the examples of the work that I do now.

我在工作中見識到了許多榜樣，

I was really lucky to have them all featured

他們就是其中幾位模範。

on my Corporation for Public Radio radio show

我很幸運地將他們的事蹟

called ThePromisedLand.org.

在我網路公共廣播電臺的節目作為主秀中展示

Now they're all very practical visionaries.

稱為“應許之地 (ThePromisedLand.org)”。

They take a look at the demands that are out there --

他們都是有遠見的實業家。

beauty products, healthy schools, electricity --

他們仔細審視眼前的需求－

and how the money's flowing to meet those demands.

美容產品，健康的校園，電力－

And when the cheapest solutions

並想辦法滿足這些需求。

involve reducing the number of jobs,

如果你想通過削減員工人數

you're left with unemployed people,

來解決問題，

and those people aren't cheap.

那麼將有許多人失業，

In fact, they make up some of what I call the most expensive citizens,

而這些人可不是省油的燈。

and they include generationally impoverished,

事實上，我認為他們是最奢侈的公民，

traumatized vets returning from the Middle East,

他們其中有許多人是從中東戰場上

people coming out of jail.

退伍回鄉的傷兵，他們世世代代貧窮，受傷痛之苦；

And for the veterans in particular,

另外還有刑滿釋放的人。

the V.A. said there's a six-fold increase

拿那些老兵來說，

in mental health pharmaceuticals by vets since 2003.

根據退伍軍人事務部公佈的資料，

I think that number's probably going to go up.

自2003年以來退伍軍人服用的精神方面的藥物增加了六倍。

They're not the largest number of people,

我認為這個數字目前仍然在上升。

but they are some of the most expensive --

他們並不是最龐大的群體，

and in terms of the likelihood for domestic abuse, drug and alcohol abuse,

但卻是開銷最大的群體之一。

poor performance by their kids in schools

他們是家庭暴力，吸毒酗酒的高危人群，

and also poor health as a result of stress.

他們的子女在學校普遍不如其他家庭的孩子，

So these three guys all understand

由於承受巨大壓力，他們的身體健康非常差。

how to productively channel dollars

我所提到的這三位

through our local economies

都懂得如何有效地

to meet existing market demands,

把資金引入地方經濟

reduce the social problems that we have now

以滿足市場需求，

and prevent new problems in the future.

解決現存的社會問題，

And there are plenty of other examples like that.

並防止新問題的產生。

One problem: waste handling and unemployment.

這樣的例子不可勝數。

Even when we think or talk about recycling,

例一: 廢物處理與失業問題。

lots of recyclable stuff ends up getting incinerated or in landfills

當我們思考或討論如何回收再用時，

and leaving many municipalities, diversion rates --

許多可回收物品已經被焚化或掩埋了，

they leave much to be recycled.

這加大了城市的回收分流難度，

And where is this waste handled? Usually in poor communities.

使回收過程更複雜。

And we know that eco-industrial business, these kinds of business models --

這些廢物都在哪裡被處理? 一般在貧困的社區裡。

there's a model in Europe called the eco-industrial park,

大家知道，在生態工業的運作模式中

where either the waste of one company is the raw material for another,

有這樣一種模式，它在歐洲被稱為生態工業園區。

or you use recycled materials

在這裡，你既可以把一家公司的廢物交給另一家公司做原料，

to make goods that you can actually use and sell.

也可以把材料回收利用

We can create these local markets and incentives

生產出新的商品。

for recycled materials

我們可以在當地鼓勵和創造這樣的當地市場需求，

to be used as raw materials for manufacturing.

使回收後的材料

And in my hometown, we actually tried to do one of these in the Bronx,

成為製造業的原材料。

but our mayor decided what he wanted to see

在我家鄉，我們已經在 Bronx 嘗試過這種模式，

was a jail on that same spot.

可惜我們的市長

Fortunately -- because we wanted to create hundreds of jobs --

更想在那裡建一個監獄，

but after many years,

幸好，我們本想可以創造幾百個就業機會-

the city wanted to build a jail.

而多年以後，

They've since abandoned that project, thank goodness.

這個城市居然決定在這裡建造監獄，

Another problem: unhealthy food systems and unemployment.

感謝主，政府已經打消了這個念頭。

Working-class and poor urban Americans

還有一個問題: 不健康食品以及失業問題。

are not benefiting economically

工人階級以及城市貧困的美國人

from our current food system.

並沒有從現有的糧食系統

It relies too much on transportation,

得到經濟利益。

chemical fertilization, big use of water

這個體系過度使用交通運輸，

and also refrigeration.

化學肥料，大量水資源，

Mega agricultural operations

以及冷藏處理。

often are responsible for poisoning our waterways and our land,

大規模農業操作

and it produces this incredibly unhealthy product

不僅污染了水源以及土壤，

that costs us billions in healthcare

還生產出對人體健康危害極高的產品

and lost productivity.

讓我們在醫療衛生方面損失了大把金錢，

And so we know "urban ag"

並降低了生產力。

is a big buzz topic this time of the year,

同時，城市農業

but it's mostly gardening,

現在成為了一個熱門話題，

which has some value in community building -- lots of it --

但它是以園藝為主的，

but it's not in terms of creating jobs

這對社區建設具有重大意義--