that holds the secret to human survival.

我剛從一個社群回來

It's a place where women run the show,

牠們掌握著人類生存的秘密。

have sex to say hello,

在這個地方，女性主導一切，

and play rules the day --

要做愛就打聲招呼，

where fun is serious business.

玩樂是一整天要做的事

And no, this isn't Burning Man

快樂玩耍是個正經事。

or San Francisco.

不是，這不是指欲火焚燒的男人

(Laughter)

也不是指舊金山。

Ladies and gentlemen, meet your cousins.

（笑聲）

This is the world of wild bonobos

女士先生，見見你的近親

in the jungles of Congo.

這就是野生倭黑猩猩的世界

Bonobos are, together with chimpanzees,

座落于剛果的叢林裡

your living closest relative.

倭黑猩猩和黑猩猩是

That means we all share a common ancestor,

我們大家生活裡最密切相關的近親

an evolutionary grandmother,

這意思是我們都共同擁有一個祖先，

who lived around six million years ago.

一個進化了的祖母，

Now, chimpanzees are well-known

她生活在大約6百萬年前。

for their aggression.

現在，黑猩猩因

(Laughter)

他們的好勇鬥狠而聞名於世

But unfortunately,

（笑聲）

we have made too much of an emphasis

但不幸的是，

of this aspect

我們已經過分強調

in our narratives of human evolution.

這方面

But bonobos show us

在人類進化的歷史中所起的作用

the other side of the coin.

但是倭黑猩猩顯示給我們的是

While chimpanzees

這硬幣的另一面

are dominated by big, scary guys,

當黑猩猩

bonobo society

被又大又嚇人的雄黑猩猩統領時，

is run by empowered females.

倭黑猩猩社群

These guys have really worked something out,

是由雌倭黑猩猩所領導。

since this leads to a highly tolerant society

這些倭黑猩猩能相安無事地生活在一起，

where fatal violence

由此形成了一個高度包容性的社會

has not been observed yet.

在這社群，致命的暴力行為

But unfortunately,

還沒有被觀察到

bonobos are the least understood

但不幸的是，

of the great apes.

倭黑猩猩是類人猿裡最難被瞭解的

They live in the depths of the Congolese jungle,

一種。

and it has been very difficult to study them.

牠們生活在剛果叢林的深處，

The Congo is a paradox --

所以對牠們的研究非常困難。

a land of extraordinary biodiversity and beauty,

剛果是個似是而非的矛盾體--

but also the heart of darkness itself --

她是一塊孕育非凡的生物多樣性和美麗的土地，

the scene of a violent conflict

但她自身也是黑暗之心

that has raged for decades

暴力衝突的場景

and claimed nearly as many lives

已經持續了幾十年

as the First World War.

奪去許多生命

Not surprisingly,

就如第一次世界大戰一樣。

this destruction also endangers bonobo survival.

不足為奇的是，

Bushmeat trades and forest loss

這種破壞也危及倭黑猩猩的生存。

means we couldn't fill a small stadium

獵尋獸肉的買賣和叢林消失

with all the bonobos that are left in the world --

意味著我們不能

and we're not even sure of that to be honest.

給在世界上僅存的倭黑猩猩們提供一個小小的棲息地

Yet, in this land of violence and chaos,

說實話，我們甚至都不能確定是否會有一個小的棲息地。

you can hear hidden laughter

然而，在這個充斥暴力和混亂的土地上

swaying the trees.

你能聽到隱約的笑聲

Who are these cousins?

搖曳在樹木中。

We know them as the "make love, not war" apes

這些近親是些什麼動物啊?

since they have frequent, promiscuous

我們知道它們是"做愛，不作戰"的類人猿，

and bisexual sex

因此牠們有頻繁的、隨性的性生活

to manage conflict

和雙性性交

and solve social issues.

來處理衝突

Now, I'm not saying this is the solution

和解決社會問題。

to all of humanity's problems --

我現在不是說這就是解決

since there's more to bonobo life

人類所有問題的方法

than the Kama Sutra.

因為玩樂對於倭黑猩猩來說

Bonobos, like humans,

比起欲經 ( Kama Sutra) 指涉地地更多。

love to play throughout their entire lives.

倭黑猩猩就像人類，

Play is not just child's games.

牠們整個一生都愛玩樂

For us and them,

玩樂不僅僅是孩子的遊戲。

play is foundational for bonding relationships

對於我們人類和倭黑猩猩，

and fostering tolerance.

玩樂是建立親密關係

It's where we learn to trust

和培養容忍性的基礎。

and where we learn about the rules of the game.

牠也讓我們學會信任

Play increases creativity

和遊戲的規則

and resilience,

玩樂增進了創造力

and it's all about the generation of diversity --

和適應力，

diversity of interactions,

這些都有關多樣性的產生

diversity of behaviors,

多樣性的相互作用，

diversity of connections.

多樣性的行為，

And when you watch bonobo play,

和多樣性的聯繫。

you're seeing the very evolutionary roots

當你看倭黑猩猩玩樂時，

of human laughter, dance

你會看到非常進化的根源

and ritual.

有關人類的笑聲，跳舞

Play is the glue

和儀式。

that binds us together.

玩樂就是粘著劑

Now, I don't know how you play,

使得我們相互聯繫在一起。

but I want to show you a couple of unique clips

現在我雖不知你是怎麼玩樂的，

fresh from the wild.

但我想給你們看兩段

First, it's a ball game bonobo-style --

剛從野外拍攝到的特別剪輯

and I do not mean football.

首先，這是一個倭黑猩猩式的球類遊戲

So here,

我不是指足球。

we have a young female and a male

在這，

engaged in a chase game.

兩隻年輕的一雌一雄倭黑猩猩

Have a look what she's doing.

在玩追逐遊戲。

It might be the evolutionary origin of the phrase,

看看她在做什麼。

"she's got him by the balls."

這可能就是某個關於的進化起源的短語:

(Laughter)

“她在玩弄他的蛋蛋。”

Only I think that he's rather loving it here, right?

（笑聲）

Yeah.

我只想到他相當喜歡這樣的方式，對吧。

(Laughter)

是的。

So sex play is common

（笑聲）

in both bonobos and humans.

所以性遊戲

And this video is really interesting

在倭黑猩猩和人類兩者身上都是司空見慣的。

because it shows --

這個影片真的很有趣

this video's really interesting

因為它證明--

because it shows the inventiveness

這個影片真的很有趣

of bringing unusual elements into play --

因為它證明了

such as testicles --

把不尋常的因素帶進遊戲裡所產生的創造性

and also how play both requires trust

例如睾丸--

and fosters trust --

遊戲如何能尋求信任

while at the same time being tremendous fun.

和培養信任--

But play's a shapeshifter.

與此同時又樂趣無窮。

(Laughter)

但玩樂是一個變形的過程

Play's a shapeshifter,

（笑聲）

and it can take many forms,

玩樂是一個變形的過程，

some of which are more quiet,

它可以變成許多玩樂遊戲，

imaginative, curious --

一些遊戲是較安靜的，

maybe where wonder is discovered anew.

富有想像力的，富有好奇心的--

And I want you to see,

或許這玩樂的奇妙是發現新鮮事。

this is Fuku, a young female,

我想讓大家看看，

and she is quietly playing with water.

這是福酷，一個年輕雌倭黑猩猩，

I think, like her,

她正悄悄地玩耍水。

we sometimes play alone,

我認為，就像她，

and we explore the boundaries

我們有時獨自玩耍，

of our inner and our outer worlds.

我們探索著

And it's that playful curiosity

我們內心和我們外部世界的界限。

that drives us to explore, drives us to interact,

正是玩樂的新奇感

and then the unexpected connections we form

驅使我們去探索，驅使我們去互動聯繫。

are the real hotbed for creativity.

然後我們所形成的這種意想不到的聯繫

So these are just small tasters

是真正孕育創造力的溫床。

into the insights that bonobo give us

因此這些僅是淺嘗而已

to our past and present.

由倭黑猩猩帶給我們這種深刻的洞察力

But they also hold a secret for our future,

來探索我們的過去和現在。

a future where we need to adapt

但牠們也對我們的未來保有一個秘密，

to an increasingly challenging world

在未來我們需要適應

through greater creativity

一個日益充滿挑戰性的世界

and greater cooperation.

通過史無前例的創造性

The secret is that play is the key

和更多的合作來做到。

to these capacities.

這秘密是玩樂是

In other words,

具備這些能力的關鍵。

play is our adaptive wildcard.

換言之，

In order to adapt successfully

玩樂是我們適應未來的萬能牌。

to a changing world,

為了成功地適應

we need to play.

一個變化中的世界，

But will we make the most of our playfulness?

我們需要玩樂。

Play is not frivolous.

但我們要盡可能地嬉戲玩樂嗎?

Play's essential.

玩樂不是無足輕重的；

For bonobos and humans alike,

玩樂是至關重要的。

life is not just red in tooth and claw.

對於倭黑猩猩和人類一樣，

In times when it seems least appropriate to play,

生活不僅僅是血紅的牙齒和利爪。

it might be the times when it is most urgent.

好似最不適宜去玩樂的時候，

And so, my fellow primates,

但它可能是最迫切需要玩樂的時候。

let us embrace this gift from evolution

那麼，我的靈長類的同胞們，

and play together,

讓我們擁護這天賦進化的禮物

as we rediscover creativity,

讓我們一起嬉戲玩樂，

fellowship and wonder.

由此我們重新發現創造力，

Thank you.

情同手足的關係以及各種驚異。

(Applause)

謝謝。