but not design as we usually think about it.

今天我想談談設計，

I want to talk about what is happening now

但不是我們通常以為的設計。

in our scientific, biotechnological culture,

我想談談現在我們的

where, for really the first time in history,

科學,生物技術文化領域上所發展的事件

we have the power to design bodies,

在這些領域裡，第一次在歷史上，

to design animal bodies,

我們有能力能設計身體，

to design human bodies.

設計動物身體，

In the history of our planet,

設計人的身體。

there have been three great waves of evolution.

在這個星球的歷史上，

The first wave of evolution

出現了三波大進化潮流。

is what we think of as Darwinian evolution.

第一波的進化

So, as you all know,

是所謂的達爾文的進化論。

species lived in particular ecological niches

嗯,就如大家知道的，

and particular environments,

物種生活在特定生態裡

and the pressures of those environments

特殊環境下

selected which changes,

還有在環境所造成壓力下,

through random mutation in species,

透過隨機突變，

were going to be preserved.

有些突變就

Then human beings stepped out

被選擇保留。

of the Darwinian flow of evolutionary history

然後,人類走出

and created the second great wave of evolution,

達爾文的進化論歷史的潮流,

which was we changed the environment

並且創造了第二次大潮流的演變，

in which we evolved.

也就是我們改變了我們

We altered our ecological niche

進化所處的環境。

by creating civilization.

通過創建文明,

And that has been the second great --

我們改變了我們的生態立場.

couple 100,000 years, 150,000 years --

那就是第二次大進化-

flow of our evolution.

大約二十萬年前,十五萬年前 -

By changing our environment,

大量的進化演進.

we put new pressures

由於改變我們的環境，

on our bodies to evolve.

也為我們的身體創造了

Whether it was through settling down in agricultural communities,

新的壓力去演化來適應新環境。

all the way through modern medicine,

無論是從建立農業社區

we have changed our own evolution.

一路到日新月異的現代醫學，

Now we're entering a third great wave

我們改變了我們自己的進化。

of evolutionary history,

現在我們正邁向第三個

which has been called many things:

歷史大進化中，

"intentional evolution,"

這次的進化有很多別號：

"evolution by design" --

處心積慮的進化，

very different than intelligent design --

設計過的演變-

whereby we are actually now

非常不同於聰明設計-

intentionally designing and altering

即現在我們實際上是

the physiological forms that inhabit our planet.

對於居住在我們的星球的生物

So I want to take you through a kind of whirlwind tour of that

故意設計和改變他們生理的形式。

and then at the end talk a little bit

我想給你們一個旋風式的震撼簡介,

about what some of the implications are for us

讓你們能在我演講結束時將有些概念:

and for our species, as well as our cultures,

透過這次進化將對我們,

because of this change.

我們的物種，以及我們的文化

Now we actually have been doing it for a long time.

產生的影響.

We started selectively breeding animals

實際上我們已經做了很長的時間了.

many, many thousands of years ago.

幾千年前我們就開始

And if you think of dogs for example,

選擇性地繁殖動物

dogs are now intentionally-designed creatures.

拿狗來說,

There isn't a dog on this earth that's a natural creature.

狗就是現在有意設計下的生物。

Dogs are the result

這個世界沒有一隻狗是自然產生的物種.

of selectively breeding traits that we like.

狗是通過我們留下喜歡的基因下

But we had to do it the hard way in the old days

選擇性育種的結果.

by choosing offspring that looked a particular way

但是，在以前,保留某些特定的品種

and then breeding them.

然後繁殖它們，

We don't have to do it that way anymore.

這可不是容易的事。

This is a beefalo.

現在,我們不必再這樣做了.

A beefalo is a buffalo-cattle hybrid.

這是一隻 beefalo。

And they are now making them,

beefalo是水牛，黃牛的混合體。

and someday, perhaps pretty soon,

現在科學家正在生產beefalo，

you will have beefalo patties

有一天，也許不用多久，

in your local supermarket.

你就會在本地超市

This is a geep,

可以買到beefalo肉餅.

a goat-sheep hybrid.

這是一隻 geep，

The scientists that made this cute little creature

山羊，綿羊混合體.

ended up slaughtering it and eating it afterwards.

做出這個可愛小動物的科學家們

I think they said it tasted like chicken.

之後殺了它且吃了它.

This is a cama.

我記得他們說吃起來味道像雞肉.

A cama is a camel-llama hybrid,

這是隻cama,

created to try to get the hardiness of a camel

是駱駝，美洲駝雜交體.

with some of the personality traits

為了獲得具有駱駝的堅韌

of a llama.

與一些美洲駝的特質

And they are now using these in certain cultures.

被創造出來的生物.

Then there's the liger.

某些地區的農民已經開始飼養cama.

This is the largest cat in the world --

然後還有獅虎,

the lion-tiger hybrid.

這是世界上最大的貓科動物-

It's bigger than a tiger.

獅子，老虎的混合體

And in the case of the liger,

體形比老虎還大.

there actually have been one or two that have been seen in the wild.

就獅虎這產物而言,

But these were created by scientists

在野外早已經出現過一個或兩個案例

using both selective breeding and genetic technology.

但以上提到的是指科學家使用

And then finally, everybody's favorite,

選擇育種和基因技術這兩種來創造新生物

the zorse.

最後這張，大家最喜愛的

None of this is Photoshopped. These are real creatures.

zorse。

And so one of the things we've been doing

沒有任何一張照片是和合成的，全是真的

is using genetic enhancement,

我們只做一件事

or genetic manipulation,

就是促進增強某基因

of normal selective breeding

或遺傳操縱

pushed a little bit through genetics.

在正常選育過程中

And if that were all this was about,

對基因做一些手腳

then it would be an interesting thing.

如果只是這樣,

But something much, much more powerful

那應該是一件有趣的事情

is happening now.

可是，現在隨之發生的事

These are normal mammalian cells

是非常具影響力的

genetically engineered with a bioluminescent gene

這些是正常哺乳動物的細胞

taken out of deep-sea jellyfish.

利用基因工程

We all know that some deep-sea creatures glow.

從深海水母取出來的一發光基因結合

Well, they've now taken that gene, that bioluminescent gene,

我們都知道，一些深海生物會發光

and put it into mammal cells.

所以科學家採取它們的發光基因

These are normal cells.

並把它放入哺乳動物細胞內

And what you see here

這些都是正常的細胞

is these cells glowing in the dark

然而在這裡你可看到

under certain wavelengths of light.

這些細胞在黑暗中

Once they could do that with cells, they could do it with organisms.

在某些波長的光下發光

So they did it with mouse pups,

一旦他們可使細胞發光，他們就使生物體發光

kittens.

因此,他們就用在小老鼠

And by the way, the reason the kittens here are orange and these are green

小貓身上

is because that's a bioluminescent gene from coral,

小貓在這裡是橙色，而那些是綠色的原因

while this is from jellyfish.

是因為橙色發光基因是從珊瑚而來

They did it with pigs.

而另一個是從水母而來的

They did it with puppies.

科學家也把這技術用於豬身上

And, in fact,

也用於小狗身上

they did it with monkeys.

而且其實

And if you can do it with monkeys --

他們還用在猴子身上

though the great leap in trying to genetically manipulate

如果他們能用在猴子--

is actually between monkeys and apes --

雖然基因操縱從猴子到人猿之間

if they can do it in monkeys,

實際上是很大的挑戰--

they can probably figure out how to do it in apes,

如果他們能改變猴子的基因

which means they can do it in human beings.

那麼很有可能會發現去應用在到人猿身上的方法

In other words, it is theoretically possible

這意味著也可以應用到人類身上

that before too long we will be biotechnologically capable

換句話說，理論上在不久的將來

of creating human beings

我們有能力用生物科技工程來該造人類

that glow in the dark.

使人類在黑暗中

Be easier to find us at night.

可以發光

And in fact, right now in many states,

在黑暗處更容易找到我們

you can go out and you can buy bioluminescent pets.

而事實上，目前在許多州，

These are zebra fish. They're normally black and silver.

你可以去寵物店買發光寵物

These are zebra fish that have been genetically engineered

這是斑馬魚，他們通常是黑色和白銀色

to be yellow, green, red,

這是經過基因工程改造的斑馬魚

and they are actually available now in certain states.

變成黃色、綠色、紅色

Other states have banned them.

這在某些州現在可被任意買賣

Nobody knows what to do with these kinds of creatures.

但在某些州是被禁止販賣的

There is no area of the government -- not the EPA or the FDA --

沒有人知道應該如何處置這些生物

that controls genetically-engineered pets.

在政府內，不管是環保署（EPA）或食品藥物管理署（FDA）

And so some states have decided to allow them,

沒有任何部門去監督控制這些被基因工程改造的寵物

some states have decided to ban them.

因此有些州決定允許販賣

Some of you may have read

有些州不容許

about the FDA's consideration right now

你們有些人可能已經知道了

of genetically-engineered salmon.

FDA現在考慮通過

The salmon on top

基因工程鮭魚的上市

is a genetically engineered Chinook salmon,

在上面的鮭魚

using a gene from these salmon

是一種經過基因工程的Chinook鮭魚，

and from one other fish that we eat,

是利用鮭魚的基因，

to make it grow much faster

和另外一個我們吃的魚的基因結合，

using a lot less feed.

使用更少飼料

And right now the FDA is trying to make a final decision

而能成長更快

on whether, pretty soon, you could be eating this fish --

目前，FDA正在作最後決定

it'll be sold in the stores.

短時間内你就能知道,這種魚能不能在普通商店中賣

And before you get too worried about it,

你是否能吃到這種魚

here in the United States,

在你太擔心此事之前，

the majority of food you buy in the supermarket

事實上在美國，

already has genetically-modified components to it.

大多數在超市販賣的食品

So even as we worry about it,

已是經過基因改造過

we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much different in Europe --

因此即使我們擔心

without any regulation,

我們已經允許這些產品在這裡販賣

and even without any identification on the package.

即使沒有任何監管

These are all the first cloned animals

也不需在包裝上標示，而這跟歐洲是不同的

of their type.

這些都是第一隻複製(cloned)的

So in the lower right here,

各種動物。

you have Dolly, the first cloned sheep --

在右下角

now happily stuffed in a museum in Edinburgh;

朵麗，第一隻複製羊

Ralph the rat, the first cloned rat;

現在幸福地成為標本被存放在愛丁堡的一間博物館内

CC the cat, for cloned cat;

拉爾夫，第一隻複製老鼠

Snuppy, the first cloned dog --

CC，第一隻複製貓

Snuppy for Seoul National University puppy --

史努比，第一隻複製狗

created in South Korea

第一隻複製狗是

by the very same man that some of you may remember

漢城國立大學

had to end up resigning in disgrace

由南韓造假醜聞同一人所創造的

because he claimed he had cloned a human embryo, which he had not.

他最後身敗名裂而辭職

He actually was the first person

因為他聲稱他已經複製出人類胚胎但是他並未成功

to clone a dog, which is a very difficult thing to do,

他實際上是第一個複製狗的人

because dog genomes are very plastic.

複製狗是一個非常困難的事情

This is Prometea, the first cloned horse.

因為狗的基因組很不穩定

It's a Haflinger horse cloned in Italy,

這是Prometea，第一匹複製馬

a real "gold ring" of cloning,

這是被意大利複製出的Haflinger馬

because there are many horses that win important races

基因複製的真正好處

who are geldings.

因為有許多贏得重要比賽的馬匹

In other words, the equipment to put them out to stud

都是閹馬

has been removed.

換句話說，它們生產下一代的器官

But if you can clone that horse,

已經被移除

you can have both the advantage of having a gelding run in the race

但如果能複製馬

and his identical genetic duplicate

就可以同時擁有兩個好處：一隻閹馬在賽馬

can then be put out to stud.

和一匹擁有相同遺傳基因的馬

These were the first cloned calves,

來繁殖後代

the first cloned grey wolves,

這些都是第一批複製小牛

and then, finally,

第一隻複製的灰狼

the first cloned piglets:

然後，最後，

Alexis, Chista, Carrel, Janie and Dotcom.

第一批複製小豬：

(Laughter)

Alexis，Chista，Carrel，Janie和 Dotcom

In addition, we've started to use cloning technology

（眾笑）

to try to save endangered species.

此外，我們開始使用複製技術

This is the use of animals now

來試圖挽救瀕臨絕種物種

to create drugs and other things in their bodies

這些動物是現在被使用來

that we want to create.

製造藥品或在他們的身體中創造

So with antithrombin in that goat --

我們想要的其他的東西

that goat has been genetically modified

這山羊產生抗凝血酶

so that the molecules of its milk

這山羊已被基因改造

actually include the molecule of antithrombin

所以它產生的奶

that GTC Genetics wants to create.

包含了抗凝血酶的分子

And then in addition, transgenic pigs, knockout pigs,

這是遺傳基因工程想要創造的

from the National Institute of Animal Science in South Korea,

然後還有基因轉殖豬，無排斥基因豬(為器官移植用)

are pigs that they are going to use, in fact,

是由南韓國立動物研究所產生

to try to create all kinds of drugs

事實上，他們努力創造從豬身上

and other industrial types of chemicals

能產生他們所要的各種藥物

that they want the blood and the milk

和其他類型的工業化學品

of these animals

希望在豬的血液裏

to produce for them,

和豬奶中

instead of producing them in an industrial way.

能產生這些藥品

These are two creatures

來取代工業生產的方式

that were created

這兩個生物

in order to save endangered species.

是爲了拯救瀕危臨絕跡物種

The guar

而被創造出來的

is an endangered Southeast Asian ungulate.

這是印度野牛(gaur)

A somatic cell, a body cell,

是東南亞瀕危臨絕跡的有蹄動物

was taken from its body,

只要一個體細胞(somatic cell)

gestated in the ovum of a cow,

從水牛的身體中取出

and then that cow gave birth to a guar.

孕育在一頭其他牛的卵子中

Same thing happened with the mouflon,

然後，那牛就可生下一頭印度水牛

where it's an endangered species of sheep.

同樣的事情發生在歐洲磐羊（mouflon）身上，

It was gestated in a regular sheep body,

它是瀕危臨絕跡的一種羊。

which actually raises an interesting biological problem.

這是利用普通綿羊體內孕育的

We have two kinds of DNA in our bodies.

實際上，由於這樣複製引起一個有趣的生物學困擾

We have our nucleic DNA

我們有兩副不同DNA基因在體內

that everybody thinks of as our DNA,

一副是我們所認為的

but we also have DNA in our mitochondria,

我們自己的核酸DNA.

which are the energy packets of the cell.

但在我們的線粒體中有另一副 DNA

That DNA is passed down through our mothers.

線粒體是我們身體細胞中產生能量的地方.

So really, what you end up having here

這副在線粒體中的DNA是由我們的母親傳下來的

is not a guar and not a mouflon,

所以，真的，最終我們有的

but a guar

這動物不是印度水牛,也不是一 隻歐洲磐羊

with cow mitochondria,

而是一隻

and therefore cow mitochondrial DNA,

有牛的線粒體的印度水牛

and a mouflon with another species of sheep's

也同時擁有牛線粒體DNA

mitochondrial DNA.

還有一隻同時擁有綿羊的

These are really hybrids, not pure animals.

線粒體DNA的歐洲磐羊

And it raises the question of how we're going to define animal species

這些都是混種，都不是純種的動物

in the age of biotechnology --

由此引出的問題是我們如何在生物技術時代

a question that we're not really sure yet

去定義動物物種-

how to solve.

這是一個我們目前還不知道

This lovely creature

如何解決的問題

is an Asian cockroach.

這個可愛的生物

And what they've done here

是亞洲蟑螂

is they've put electrodes in its ganglia and its brain

把電極植入

and then a transmitter on top,

它們的神經節和大腦中

and it's on a big computer tracking ball.

然後在其頭上安置發射機

And now, using a joystick,

發射信號給電腦

they can send this creature

之後只要使用操縱桿

around the lab

他們可以發送命令給蟑螂