I decided that we needed to reconceptualize

在2007年時，

how we thought about economic development.

我覺得我們需要重新思考

Our new goal should be

我們如何看經濟發展

that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work,

我們的新目標應該是

they should be able to choose between

當任何一個家庭在思考他們想住哪裡時

at least a handful

他們都應該要能夠從

of different cities

至少幾個

that were all competing to attract new residents.

不同

Now we're a long way away from that goal right now.

爭著吸引新居民的城市中做出選擇

There are billions of people in developing countries

我們現在離那個目標還相當遠

who don't have even a single city that would be willing to welcome them.

在開發中國家裡有上百萬的人民

But the amazing thing about cities

是沒有任何一個城市願意歡迎他們的

is they're worth so much more

但是，關於城市，最讓人驚奇的是

than it costs to build them.

它們的價值遠超過

So we could easily supply the world

建造它們的成本

with dozens, maybe hundreds,

所以，我們能夠很容易地在這世界上蓋起

of new cities.

幾十座，可能幾百座

Now this might sound preposterous to you

新城市

if you've never thought about new cities.

關於這點，如果你從未認真思考過城市

But just substitute apartment building for cities.

你可能覺得這聽起來很荒謬

Imagine half the people who wanted to be in apartments already had them;

但是，只要用城市去取代公寓建築

the other half aren't there yet.

想像一下，在想要住公寓的人們裡，一半的人已經擁有公寓可住了

You could try and expand the capacity

另一半的人還沒有

by doing additions on all the existing apartments.

你可以試著藉由在現有公寓上加蓋

But you know what you'd run into

來擴大容積

is those apartments and the surrounding areas

但你知道你會碰到的情況是

have rules to avoid discomfort

那些公寓及周遭區域

and the distractions of construction.

都有的規定以避免不適

So it's extremely hard to do all of those additions.

以及工程所帶來的干擾

But you could go out someplace brand new,

所以要做那些加蓋是非常難的

build a brand new apartment building,

然而，你可以去一個全新的環境

as long as the rules there

蓋一棟全新的公寓大樓

were ones that facilitated construction

只要那裡的規定是

rather than getting in the way.

方便工程進行

So I proposed

而非帶來阻撓的

that governments create new reform zones

因此，我建議

big enough to hold cities

政府創造全新的「改革區」

and gave them a name: charter cities.

是大到可以容納城市

Later I learned that at about this same time,

並且將它取名為「特區市」

Javier and Octavio

後來我發現大約在我提出這個看法的同一時間

were thinking about the challenge of reform

哈維爾及奧克塔維歐

in Honduras.

也正在思考在宏都拉斯

They knew that about 75,000 Hondurans every year

改革的挑戰

would leave to go to the United States,

他們知道每年大約有75,000宏都拉斯人

and they wanted to ask, what could they do

會離鄉，前往美國

to make sure that those people could stay

所以他們想問問，他們可以做些什麼

and do the same things in Honduras.

以確保這些人會留下來

At one point, Javier said to Octavio,

並且在宏都拉斯做一樣的工作

"What if we took some of our empty land --

就在某個時間點，哈維爾告訴奧克塔維歐

what if we just gave it to an embassy --

「假如我們將國內一部分的空地

give some to the U.S. embassy; give some to the Canadian embassy --

直接送給一個大使館

and then if people want to go work

一部分送給美國大使館，一部分送給加拿大大使館

under the rules of Canada or under the rules of the United States,

然後假如人們想要

they can go get jobs,

在加拿大的法規或美國的法規下工作

do everything they do on those embassy grounds

他們可以在那裡找到工作

that they would otherwise have to go to Canada or the U.S. to do?"

在那些大使館領土上做所有他們正在做的工作

In the summer of 2009,

而非必須到加拿大或美國才能做，這樣的結果會如何？」

Honduras went through a wrenching constitutional crisis.

在2009年夏天

At the next regularly scheduled election,

宏都拉斯經歷一場折磨人的憲法危機

Pepe Lobo won in a landslide

在隔一次的正規選舉中

on a platform that promised reform,

派比羅柏獲得壓倒性勝利

but reconciliation as well.

他在競選中不只承諾了改革

He asked Octavio to be his chief of staff.

也承諾了和解

Meanwhile, I was getting ready

他聘奧克塔維歐擔任他的參謀長

to give a talk at TEDGlobal.

同時間，我正準備要

Through a process of refinement,

在TEDGlobal上進行一場演說

trial and error, a lot of user testing,

透過一個改良過程

I tried to boil this complicated concept of charter city

透過反覆試驗，許多使用者的測試

down to the bare essentials.

我試著將這個複雜的「特區市」觀念

The first point was the importance of rules,

簡化到其本質

like those rules that say

第一個重點是，法規的重要性

you can't come in and disturb all the existing apartment holders.

像是那些說

We pay a lot of attention to new technologies,

你不能進來之後去打擾現有公寓住戶的規定

but it takes technologies and rules to get progress,

我們很關心新科技

and it's usually the rules that hold us back.

但要有所進展，是必須同時靠科技與法規

In the fall of 2010, a friend from Guatemala

而且常見的情況是，法規會限制我們

sent Octavio a link to the TEDTalk.

在2010年的秋天，一位來自瓜地馬拉的朋友

He showed it to Javier.

寄一個TEDTalk的網址連結給奧克塔維歐

They called me.

然後他又把連結秀給哈維爾看

They said, "Let's present this to the leaders of our country."

然後他們倆跟我聯絡

So in December we met in Miami,

他們說：「我們把這個概念提議給我們國家的領導吧」

in a hotel conference room.

所以十二月時，我們在邁阿密見了面

I tried to explain this point

在一間飯店的會議室裡

about how valuable cities are,

我試著解釋這個概念

how much more valuable they are than they cost.

就是城市是多麼有價值

And I used this slide

城市的價值遠高過它們的建造成本

showing how valuable the raw land is

而且我用這張投影片

in a place like New York City:

秀出在紐約市裡的空地

notice, land that's worth thousands of dollars, in some cases,

是多麼有價值

per square meter.

請注意，在某些例子裡，土地一平方公尺

But it was a fairly abstract discussion,

就價值好幾千元美金

and at some point when there was a pause,

但那是一場很抽象的討論

Octavio said,

在過程中的某個時點出現一陣靜默

"Paul, maybe we could watch the TEDTalk."

然後，奧克塔維歐就說：

(Laughing)

「保羅，也許我們應該看一下那場TEDTalk。」

So the TEDTalk laid out in very simple terms,

（笑聲）

a charter city is a place

所以，那場TEDTalk很清楚地解釋道

where you start with uninhabited land,

一個「特區市」是

a charter that specifies the rules that will apply there

你以一塊無人居住的土地為基礎

and then a chance for people to opt in,

一個明文規定適用於此地法規的憲章

to go live under those rules or not.

以及一個讓人們選擇是否加入的機會

So I was asked by the president of Honduras

一個選擇是否在那些法規之下生活的機會

who said that we need to do this project,

那我就被宏都拉斯總統詢問

this is important,

他說他們需要這樣的計畫

this could be the way forward for our country.

這是相當重要的

I was asked to come to Tegucigalpa

這可能是我們國家的未來之路

and talk again on January fourth and fifth.

我被邀請到德古斯加巴（宏都拉斯首都）

So I presented

於一月四日及五日再做一次演說

another fact-filled lecture

所以我就給了

that included a slide like this,

又一場引述大量實際資料的演說

which tried to make the point that, if you want to create a lot of value in a city,

其中包含一張像這樣的投影片

it has to be very big.

這張投影片的重點是，如果你想要為一座城市創造很多的價值

This is a picture of Denver,

它必須很大

and the outline is the new airport that was built in Denver.

這是一張丹佛市的照片

This airport alone

那個外框是丹佛市的新蓋機場

covers more than 100 square kilometers.

光是機場本身

So I was trying to persuade the Hondurans,

就佔地超過100平方公里

if you build a new city,

所以，我當時就試著說服宏都拉斯人

you've got to start with a site that's at least 1,000 square kilometers.

假如你要建造一座新城市

That's more than 250 hundred-thousand acres.

你必須從一塊至少1000平方公里大的土地開始

Everybody applauded politely.

那是超過兩億英畝的土地

The faces in the audience

每個人都很禮貌地鼓掌

were very serious and attentive.

觀眾的表情

The leader of the congress came up on stage and said,

看起來很嚴肅又專注

"Professor Romer, thank you very much for your lecture,

會議的主席就走上台，說：

but maybe we could watch the TEDTalk.

「羅默教授，謝謝您今天的演講，

I've got it here on my laptop."

但也許我們可以看一下那場TEDTalk。」

So I sat down, and they played the TEDTalk.

我這台筆記型電腦裡有檔案

And it got to the essence,

所以我就坐下來，他們就播放那場TEDTalk

which is that a new city could offer new choices for people.

那場演講觸及到「特區市」概念的本質

There would be a choice of a city which you could go to

也就是，一個可以提供人們機會的新城市

which could be in Honduras,

會有讓你選擇居住城市的機會

instead of hundreds of miles away in the North.

這個城市會在宏都拉斯境內

And it also involved new choices for leaders.

而非在幾百公里遠的北方

Because the leaders in the government there in Honduras

而且這也為領導者提供了新的選擇

would need help from partner countries,

因為宏都拉斯境內的政府領導者

who could benefit from partner countries

會需要合作國家的協助

who help them set up the rules in this charter and the enforcement,

也會受惠於那些有合作關係的國家

so everybody can trust

這些國家協助憲章裡法規的建立及執行

that the charter really will be enforced.

那麼所有人都可以相信

And the insight of President Lobo

那個憲章會被落實

was that that assurance of enforcement

而羅柏總統的洞見是

that I was thinking about

對於我所想的

as a way to get the foreign investors to come in and build the city

對於執行上的保證

could be equally important for all the different parties in Honduras

會是吸引外國投資人進來建造城市的一種方式

who had suffered for so many years

這也對宏都拉斯境內的所有團體都是同等重要的

from fear and distrust.

這些團體都承受了這麼多年的

We went and looked at a site.

恐懼及不信任

This picture's from there.

我們來到一個地點進行視察

It easily could hold a thousand square kilometers.

這張照片是在那裡拍的

And shortly thereafter, on January 19th,

那裡絕對超過一千平方公里

they voted in the congress to amend their constitution

在那不久之後，於一月十九日

to have a constitutional provision

他們在國會上修訂了憲法

that allows for special development regions.

增訂一則憲法條文

In a country which had just gone through this wrenching crisis,

允許特殊發展區域的存在

the vote in the congress in favor of this constitutional amendment

在一個才剛經歷這樣一場折磨人的危機的國家裡

was 124 to one.

國會裡的投票結果中，贊成這項憲法修訂文

All parties, all factions in society, backed this.

是124票贊成對1票反對

To be part of the constitution, you actually have to pass it twice in the congress.

整個社會的所有政黨、派系皆支持

On February 17th they passed it again

要成為憲法的一部分，必須要讓條文在國會中通過兩次

with another vote of 114 to one.

在二月十七日，他們再度通過法案

Immediately after that vote,

結果是114票贊成對1票反對

on February 21st to the 24th,

在那場投票不久後

a delegation of about 30 Hondurans

於二月二十一至二十四日間

went to the two places in the world

一群大約30位宏都拉斯人組成的代表團

that are most interested in getting into the city building business.

去了這世界上兩個

One is South Korea.

對城市建造最有興趣的地方

This is a picture of a big, new city center

一個是南韓

that's being built in South Korea --

這張照片呈現一個巨大、全新的市中心

bigger than downtown Boston.

那是蓋在南韓

Everything you see there was built in four years,

比波士頓市中心還大

after they spent four years getting the permits.

你看到的每一樣東西都是在花了四年拿到許可證之後

The other place that's very interested in city building is Singapore.

於四年之內蓋好的

They've actually built two cities already in China

另一個對城市建造很感興趣的地方是新加坡

and are preparing the third.

它們事實上已經在中國蓋了兩座城市

So if you think about this practically,

而且正準備蓋第三座

here's where we are.

所以，如果你就實際層面來看

They've got a site; they're already thinking about this site for the second city.

我現在的位置在這裡

They're putting in place a legal system

他們有了地點，他們已經在思考第二座城市的地點

that could allow for managers to come in,

他們在設立一個可以

and also an external legal system.

引進經理人的法治系統

One country has already volunteered to let its supreme court

以及一個外部法律系統

be the court of final appeal for the new judicial system there.

有一個國家已經自願以他們的最高法院

There's designers and builders of cities

當做這裡新司法系統中的最終判決的法院

who are very interested.

另外還有非常感興趣的

They even can bring with them some financing.

城市設計師及建築師

But the one thing you know they've already solved

他們甚至可以引進一些資金

is that there's lots of tenants.

但是，你很清楚有一件問題是他們已經先解決了

There's lots of businesses that would like to locate in the Americas,

那就是有大量的房客

especially in a place with a free trade zone,

有許多的公司想要在美洲落地

and there's lots of people who'd like to go there.

特別是在一個自由貿易區

Around the world, there's 700 million people

而且還有很多人想要去那裡

who say they'd like to move permanently someplace else right now.

這世界上，有7億的人口

There's a million a year

說他們現在想要永久性地移居他地

who leave Latin America to go to the United States.

一年有一百萬人

Many of these are a father

離開拉丁美洲，前往美國

who has to leave his family behind to go get a job --

這些人中有很多是父親

sometimes a single mother

被迫離開他們的家庭，去找工作

who has to get enough money to even pay for food or clothing.

有時候是一位單親媽媽

Sadly, sometimes there are even children

必須賺足夠的錢來支付食物及衣服費用

who are trying to get reunited with their parents

很讓人心痛的是，有時候甚至是小孩

that they haven't seen, in some cases, for a decade.

有些個案中，他們試圖跟他們十年未見的

So what kind of an idea is it

的父母親團員

to think about building a brand new city in Honduras?

那麼，思考在宏都拉斯裡蓋一個全新城市

Or to build a dozen of these,

到底是什麼樣的想法？

or a hundred of these, around the world?

或者在全世界蓋十幾個這樣的城市

What kind of an idea is it

或者幾百個呢？

to think about insisting

堅持每一個家庭都能夠從

that every family have a choice of several cities

幾個積極爭取居民的城市中做挑選

that are competing to attract new residents?

去做這樣的思考

This is an idea worth spreading.

這又是什麼樣的想法呢？

And my friends from Honduras

這是一個值得被傳播出去的想法

asked me to say thank you, TED.

最後，我在宏都拉斯的朋友們

(Applause)

請我們向TED說聲謝謝