the future of the way we make things.

今天，我想向你們展示

I believe that soon our buildings and machines

我們未來製造東西的方式。

will be self-assembling,

我相信，我們的建築物和機器

replicating and repairing themselves.

將很快便能自組，

So I'm going to show you

複製和修復自己。

what I believe is the current state of manufacturing,

所以，我要告訴你，

and then compare that to some natural systems.

我相信是當前的製造業狀態，

So in the current state of manufacturing, we have skyscrapers --

然後比較一些自然生態系統。

two and a half years [of assembly time],

在當前的製造業狀態，我們有摩天大樓 --

500,000 to a million parts,

兩年半的時間,

fairly complex,

50萬至一百萬個部分組成，

new, exciting technologies in steel, concrete, glass.

相當複雜，

We have exciting machines

有令人振奮的新技術, 鋼鐵，水泥，玻璃。

that can take us into space --

我們亦有令人振奮的機器，

five years [of assembly time], 2.5 million parts.

我們可以帶到太空 --

But on the other side, if you look at the natural systems,

250萬個部分。

we have proteins

但在另一方面，如果你看一下在自然生態系統，

that have two million types,

我們有

can fold in 10,000 nanoseconds,

兩百萬類型的蛋白質，

or DNA with three billion base pairs

可以在一萬納秒折叠，

we can replicate in roughly an hour.

或DNA有30億個鹼基對，

So there's all of this complexity

我們可以在大約一個小時複製。

in our natural systems,

因此，雖然在我們這

but they're extremely efficient,

自然生態系統的複雜性，

far more efficient than anything we can build,

但它們效率非常高，

far more complex than anything we can build.

遠遠超過任何我們可以建立的東西，

They're far more efficient in terms of energy.

遠遠超過任何我們可以建立複雜的高效。

They hardly ever make mistakes.

它們在能源方面更為有效。

And they can repair themselves for longevity.

它們幾乎沒有犯錯誤。

So there's something super interesting about natural systems.

而且它們可以修復自己健康長壽。

And if we can translate that

因此，有一些自然生態系統是超級有趣。

into our built environment,

如果我們能夠將它轉化

then there's some exciting potential for the way that we build things.

為我們的建築環境，

And I think the key to that is self-assembly.

那麼便會有一些令人興奮的潛力方式幫助我們建設東西。

So if we want to utilize self-assembly in our physical environment,

我認為關鍵是自我組裝。

I think there's four key factors.

因此，如果我們要利用我們的物理環境中的自組裝，

The first is that we need to decode

我認為有四個關鍵因素。

all of the complexity of what we want to build --

首先，我們需要我們所要

so our buildings and machines.

建設的複雜性解碼--

And we need to decode that into simple sequences --

便是我們的建築物和機器。

basically the DNA of how our buildings work.

我們需要解碼成簡單的序列 --

Then we need programmable parts

基本上是我們的建築物如何運作的DNA。

that can take that sequence

然後，我們需要可編程的部分，

and use that to fold up, or reconfigure.

可以利用該序列

We need some energy that's going to allow that to activate,

便使用來折疊起來，或重新配置。

allow our parts to be able to fold up from the program.

我們需要一些能源將允許激活，

And we need some type of error correction redundancy

讓我們的部分可以折疊程序。

to guarantee that we have successfully built what we want.

我們需要某種類型的糾錯冗餘，

So I'm going to show you a number of projects

以保證我們已經成功地構建我們所希望的西東。

that my colleagues and I at MIT are working on

所以我要告訴你一些項目，

to achieve this self-assembling future.

是我在麻省理工學院的同事和正在

The first two are the MacroBot and DeciBot.

實現這種未來的自我組裝。

So these projects are large-scale reconfigurable robots --

第一兩個是MacroBot和DeciBot。

8 ft., 12 ft. long proteins.

因此，這些項目都是大型的可重構機器人 --

They're embedded with mechanical electrical devices, sensors.

8英尺，12英尺長的蛋白質。

You decode what you want to fold up into,

它們與機電設備，傳感器嵌入。

into a sequence of angles --

你想要解碼什麼便折疊成什麼，

so negative 120, negative 120, 0, 0,

成序列的角度 --

120, negative 120 -- something like that;

負120，負120，0，0，

so a sequence of angles, or turns,

120，負120 -- 類似的東西，

and you send that sequence through the string.

這樣的角度，或輪流順序，

Each unit takes its message -- so negative 120 --

你便發送通過字符串序列。

it rotates to that, checks if it got there

每個單位都需要它的消息 -- 負120。

and then passes it to its neighbor.

它是旋轉​​的，檢查它是否到了那裡，

So these are the brilliant scientists,

然後把它傳遞給它的鄰居。

engineers, designers that worked on this project.

這些傑出的科學家，

And I think it really brings to light:

工程師，設計師，在這個項目上工作。

Is this really scalable?

我認為它真正在揭示：

I mean, thousands of dollars, lots of man hours

這是否真正的可擴展呢？

made to make this eight-foot robot.

我的意思是，數千美元，大量的工時，

Can we really scale this up? Can we really embed robotics into every part?

製造這8英尺的機器人。

The next one questions that

我們能否真正大規模跟進呢？我們能不能真正嵌入機器到每一個部分？

and looks at passive nature,

下一個問題，

or passively trying to have reconfiguration programmability.

以及著眼於被動性，

But it goes a step further,

或被動地試圖重新配置可編程。

and it tries to have actual computation.

但它更進一步，

It basically embeds the most fundamental building block of computing,

嘗試以實際式計算。

the digital logic gate,

它基本上是最根本的計算，

directly into your parts.

數字邏輯，

So this is a NAND gate.

直接嵌入到你的零件。

You have one tetrahedron which is the gate

這是一個與非門。

that's going to do your computing,

你有一個正四面體, 它是門，

and you have two input tetrahedrons.

會做你的計算，

One of them is the input from the user, as you're building your bricks.

和你有兩個可以輸入的正四面體。

The other one is from the previous brick that was placed.

其中之一是來自用戶的輸入，像為你構建你的磚。

And then it gives you an output in 3D space.

另一種是從以前被放置的磚。

So what this means

然後它可以讓你在三維空間中的輸出。

is that the user can start plugging in what they want the bricks to do.

因此，這意味著

It computes on what it was doing before

用戶可以啟動他們想要做的磚堵。

and what you said you wanted it to do.

它計算它是之前做什麼，

And now it starts moving in three-dimensional space --

你說什麼，你想要它做的事情。

so up or down.

現在它已經開始在三維空間中移動 --

So on the left-hand side, [1,1] input equals 0 output, which goes down.

向上或向下。

On the right-hand side,

因此，在左側，[1,1]輸入等於輸出0，它便向下。

[0,0] input is a 1 output, which goes up.

在右側，

And so what that really means

[0,0]輸入1輸出，它便上升。

is that our structures now contain the blueprints

這真正的意思是什麼，

of what we want to build.

這是我們的結構現在正包含着

So they have all of the information embedded in them of what was constructed.

我們所要建設的藍圖。

So that means that we can have some form of self-replication.

它們有所有的構建信息嵌入其中。

In this case I call it self-guided replication,

因此，這意味著我們可以有某種形式的自我複製。

because your structure contains the exact blueprints.

在這種情況下，我把它稱為自導複製，

If you have errors, you can replace a part.

因為你的結構包含着確切的藍圖。

All the local information is embedded to tell you how to fix it.

如果有錯誤，可以更換部件。

So you could have something that climbs along and reads it

所有局部嵌入的信息會告訴你如何解決它。

and can output at one to one.

所以，你可以擁有攀登的東西將它讀取，

It's directly embedded; there's no external instructions.

並且可以在一對一輸出。

So the last project I'll show is called Biased Chains,

它直接嵌入; 沒有任何外部的指令。

and it's probably the most exciting example that we have right now

我將展示的最後一個項目被稱為偏置鏈，

of passive self-assembly systems.

它可能是我們現在被動自組裝系統

So it takes the reconfigurability

最令人興奮的例子。

and programmability

它採取需要的可重構性

and makes it a completely passive system.

和可編程性，

So basically you have a chain of elements.

並使它製造完全處於被動的系統。

Each element is completely identical,

所以基本上你是有一個元素鏈。

and they're biased.

每個元素是完全相同的，

So each chain, or each element, wants to turn right or left.

而且它們偏倚。

So as you assemble the chain, you're basically programming it.

因此，每一條鏈，每個元素，可以拐左邊或右邊。

You're telling each unit if it should turn right or left.

所以當你組裝鏈，你基本上是在編程。

So when you shake the chain,

你是在告訴每個單位是否應該向左或向右轉。

it then folds up

所以，當你搖晃鏈，

into any configuration that you've programmed in --

它便從然折疊成

so in this case, a spiral,

任何你編程的配置--

or in this case,

在這種情況下，一個螺旋，

two cubes next to each other.

或在這種情況下，

So you can basically program

兩個彼此相鄰的立方體。

any three-dimensional shape --

因此你基本上可以序程

or one-dimensional, two-dimensional -- up into this chain completely passively.

任何立體形狀 --

So what does this tell us about the future?

一維，二維 -- 完全被動地進入這條產業鏈。

I think that it's telling us

這是告訴我們的未來是什麼呢？

that there's new possibilities for self-assembly, replication, repair

我認為，它告訴我們，

in our physical structures, our buildings, machines.

在我們的物理結構，建築物有新的自組裝，

There's new programmability in these parts.

複製，機器維修的可能性。

And from that you have new possibilities for computing.

在這些地區有新的可編程。

We'll have spatial computing.

並從這些你會有新的計算可能性。

Imagine if our buildings, our bridges, machines,

我們將會有空間的計算。

all of our bricks could actually compute.

試想一下，如果我們的建築物，橋樑，機器，

That's amazing parallel and distributed computing power,

我們所有的磚其實可以計算。

new design possibilities.

這是驚人的並行和分佈式的計算能力，

So it's exciting potential for this.

新的設計可能性。

So I think these projects I've showed here

因此，這是一個令人興奮的潛力。

are just a tiny step towards this future,

所以，我覺得我已給你表明的，

if we implement these new technologies

僅僅是對這個未來的一小步，

for a new self-assembling world.

如果我們能實施這些新技術

Thank you.

創造一個新的自組裝世界。

(Applause)

謝謝。