and I'm here today

我是一位指揮

to talk to you about trust.

我今天要在這裡

My job depends upon it.

跟大家談談何為信任

There has to be, between me and the orchestra,

我的工作全靠它

an unshakable bond of trust,

在我與我的樂團間

born out of mutual respect,

存在著不可動搖的信任

through which we can spin a musical narrative

這信任源自於互相尊重

that we all believe in.

透過它我們可以詮釋出一段

Now in the old days, conducting, music making,

彼此都信服的音樂

was less about trust and more, frankly, about coercion.

以往無論是指揮、製作音樂

Up to and around about the Second World War,

很少談到信任，說實話以高壓居多

conductors were invariably dictators --

直到大約二次世界大戰

these tyrannical figures

指揮家都是獨裁者

who would rehearse, not just the orchestra as a whole, but individuals within it,

這些霸王

within an inch of their lives.

不只要排練整個樂團，還要干預每一個成員的生活

But I'm happy to say now that the world has moved on,

到鉅細靡遺的地步

music has moved on with it.

但是我很高興地說這世界在進步

We now have a more democratic view and way of making music --

音樂界也跟著進步

a two-way street.

現在我們用更民主的觀點及方式來製作音樂─

I, as the conductor, have to come to the rehearsal with a cast-iron sense

溝通是雙向的

of the outer architecture of that music,

我身為指揮，在排練時，必須對曲目的整體架構

within which there is then immense personal freedom

抱著堅不可摧的信念

for the members of the orchestra to shine.

但在其中又要讓樂手能自由地發揮

For myself, of course,

讓他們在表演中綻放光芒

I have to completely trust my body language.

當然，對我而言

That's all I have at the point of sale.

我一定要完全相信我的肢體語言

It's silent gesture.

那是我唯一的賣點

I can hardly bark out instructions while we're playing.

它是無聲的手勢

(Music)

我總不能在演奏中對著我的團員吼叫指令

Ladies and gentlemen, the Scottish Ensemble.

（音樂）

(Applause)

各位嘉賓，蘇格蘭合奏團

So in order for all this to work,

（掌聲）

obviously I have got to be in a position of trust.

所以為了讓以上的表演成功

I have to trust the orchestra,

很明顯我一定要站在信賴的立場

and, even more crucially, I have to trust myself.

我必須相信我的樂團

Think about it: when you're in a position of not trusting,

更關鍵的是，我必須相信我自己

what do you do?

想想看，如果你站在不信任的立場

You overcompensate.

你會怎麼做？

And in my game, that means you overgesticulate.

你矯枉過正

You end up like some kind of rabid windmill.

在我指揮這一邊，這表示你會做過多的手勢

And the bigger your gesture gets,

結果你看起來像一座轉的很快的風車

the more ill-defined, blurry

你的手勢愈大

and, frankly, useless it is to the orchestra.

就愈不明確，愈模糊

You become a figure of fun. There's no trust anymore, only ridicule.

說實話這對樂團毫無益處

And I remember at the beginning of my career,

你變成笑柄，就別談信賴了，只剩下滑稽

again and again, on these dismal outings with orchestras,

我還記得在我剛出道時

I would be going completely insane on the podium,

一次又一次的，在那些慘不忍睹的樂團公演中

trying to engender a small scale crescendo really,

我站在指揮台上，完全像個瘋子

just a little upsurge in volume.

想來一段小小的漸強

Bugger me, they wouldn't give it to me.

卻只得到增大一點點的音量

I spent a lot of time in those early years

氣死人，他們就是表現不出來

weeping silently in dressing rooms.

在那些青澀的年月裡

And how futile seemed the words of advice to me

我經常在後台更衣室暗自飲泣

from great British veteran conductor Sir Colin Davis

更別說我完全聽不懂

who said, "Conducting, Charles,

偉大的英國資深指揮家柯林‧戴維斯爵士的建言

is like holding a small bird in your hand.

他說，「指揮啊，查爾斯，

If you hold it too tightly, you crush it.

就像在你手中抓一隻小鳥，

If you hold it too loosely, it flies away."

你抓得太緊，就把牠壓碎了；

I have to say, in those days, I couldn't really even find the bird.

你抓得太鬆，牠就飛走了。」

Now a fundamental

我必須承認，那些日子，我甚至不知道那隻小鳥在哪

and really viscerally important experience for me, in terms of music,

現在就音樂經歷而言

has been my adventures in South Africa,

我有一段既基本又真誠又重要的經驗

the most dizzyingly musical country on the planet in my view,

來自我在南非的冒險

but a country which, through its musical culture,

我認為南非是世上最令人目眩神迷的音樂國家

has taught me one fundamental lesson:

但也就是這個國家，透過它的音樂文化

that through music making

教了我一個根本的功課

can come deep levels

就是透過音樂製作

of fundamental life-giving trust.

能讓最基本

Back in 2000, I had the opportunity to go to South Africa

又激發生命力的信任關係進入更深的層次

to form a new opera company.

回溯到西元2000年，一個機緣我到了南非

So I went out there, and I auditioned,

去組一個新的歌劇團

mainly in rural township locations, right around the country.

我到了那裏，並且舉辦甄選

I heard about 2,000 singers

主要是在一些農村小鎮，鄉下地方

and pulled together a company

我聽了大約二千位歌手唱歌

of 40 of the most jaw-droppingly amazing young performers,

然後從中選了四十位

the majority of whom were black,

令人瞠目結舌的年輕表演者組了一個劇團

but there were a handful of white performers.

絕大部分的團員是黑人

Now it emerged early on in the first rehearsal period

但是也有少數是白人

that one of those white performers

有個問題在第一次排練時浮上檯面

had, in his previous incarnation,

就是其中一位白人

been a member of the South African police force.

他之前的身分

And in the last years of the old regime,

是南非警察的一分子

he would routinely be detailed to go into the township

在種族隔離政策結束前幾年

to aggress the community.

他很可能是那個接受詳盡的指令

Now you can imagine what this knowledge did to the temperature in the room,

定期到鄉間攻擊黑人社群的一員

the general atmosphere.

想像一下這樣的認知對排演場的影響

Let's be under no illusions.

整體氣氛就怪怪的

In South Africa, the relationship most devoid of trust

讓我們面對現實吧

is that between a white policeman

在南非，最不能彼此信賴的兩種人

and the black community.

就是白人警察

So how do we recover from that, ladies and gentlemen?

與黑人族群

Simply through singing.

所以我們要如何彌補傷痕，各位？

We sang, we sang,

很簡單，就是唱歌

we sang,

我們唱呀，唱呀

and amazingly new trust grew,

唱呀

and indeed friendship blossomed.

不可思議地唱出了新的信賴

And that showed me such a fundamental truth,

也唱出了友誼

that music making and other forms of creativity

這顯示了一件再基本不過的事實

can so often go to places

就是透過製作音樂或是其他種類的創造力

where mere words cannot.

常常可以做到

So we got some shows off the ground. We started touring them internationally.

語言做不了的事

One of them was "Carmen."

所以我們開始公演一些劇碼，也開始國際巡迴演出

We then thought we'd make a movie of "Carmen,"

其中一齣是卡門

which we recorded and shot outside on location

我們後來覺得應該把這部卡門拍成電影

in the township outside Cape Town called Khayelitsha.

我們就在開普敦郊區

The piece was sung entirely in Xhosa,

叫做卡雅利沙的地方錄音及開鏡

which is a beautifully musical language, if you don't know it.

這部電影全以科薩語唱

It's called "U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha" --

科薩語非常具音樂性，如果你們不知道的話

literally "Carmen of Khayelitsha."

這部電影名為「卡雅利莎的卡門」

I want to play you a tiny clip of it now

意思就是「從卡雅利莎來的卡門」

for no other reason than to give you proof positive

現在讓我播一小段影片

that there is nothing tiny about South African music making.

不為別的，只為了證明

(Music)

不能小看南非的音樂製作

(Applause)

（音樂）

Something which I find utterly enchanting

（掌聲）

about South African music making

有一件關於南非的音樂製作的事

is that it's so free.

讓我非常著迷

South Africans just make music really freely.

就是，它非常自由

And I think, in no small way,

南非人作音樂就是很自由

that's due to one fundamental fact:

而我認為，不是隨便想想而已

they're not bound to a system of notation.

這是基於一個根本的事實

They don't read music.

就是他們不被音樂標記法束縛

They trust their ears.

他們不看樂譜

You can teach a bunch of South Africans a tune in about five seconds flat.

他們相信自己的音感

And then, as if by magic,

你可以用五秒鐘教一群南非人唱一段曲調

they will spontaneously improvise a load of harmony around that tune

然後，好像變魔術般

because they can.

他們會很自然的即興唱出合聲

Now those of us that live in the West, if I can use that term,

因為他們就是可以

I think have a much more hidebound attitude or sense of music --

而我們這些西方人，如果我可以用這個詞

that somehow it's all about skill and systems.

對音樂有著非常迂腐的觀念，或者說定義

Therefore it's the exclusive preserve

我們以爲，音樂就是技巧與系統

of an elite, talented body.

所以這是保留給

And yet, ladies and gentlemen, every single one of us on this planet

菁英份子，有天分的人的

probably engages with music on a daily basis.

但是各位，在地球上的每一個人

And if I can broaden this out for a second,

每天都或多或少會跟音樂扯上關係

I'm willing to bet that every single one of you sitting in this room

容我放寬角度多說一些

would be happy to speak with acuity, with total confidence,

我可以打賭，就是在座的每一位

about movies, probably about literature.

都可以興高采烈地高談闊論

But how many of you would be able to make a confident assertion

電影，甚或是文學

about a piece of classical music?

但是有多少人可以很有信心的評論

Why is this?

一首古典音樂呢？

And what I'm going to say to you now

為什麼會這樣？

is I'm just urging you to get over

我想要說的是

this supreme lack of self-confidence,

我鼓勵你們克服

to take the plunge, to believe that you can trust your ears,

這種超級沒自信的感覺

you can hear some of the fundamental muscle tissue,

就讓我們大膽嘗試一下，相信你可以信任你的音感

fiber, DNA,

聽到音樂的成分，就像看到基本的肌肉組織

what makes a great piece of music great.

纖維，DNA

I've got a little experiment I want to try with you.

那些偉大的音樂之所以偉大的地方

Did you know

我想跟你們做一段小小的實驗

that TED is a tune?

你們可知

A very simple tune based on three notes -- T, E, D.

TED 是一段旋律？

Now hang on a minute.

一段由T、E、D三個音組成，非常簡單的曲調

I know you're going to say to me, "T doesn't exist in music."

等一等

Well ladies and gentlemen, there's a time-honored system,

我知道你要說「沒有 T 這個音」

which composers have been using for hundreds of years,

是的，各位來賓，有個歷史悠久的系統

which proves actually that it does.

作曲家已經用了好幾百年

If I sing you a musical scale: A, B, C, D, E, F, G --

可以證明「T」的確存在

and I just carry on with the next set of letters in the alphabet, same scale:

如果你唱一段音階 A(La) B(Si) C(Do) D(Re) E(Mi) F(Fa) G(Sol) (唱名)

H, I, J, K, L, M, N,

然後我把下一組的英文字母比照上述音階排列

O, P, Q, R, S, T -- there you go.

H(La) I(Si) J(Do) K(Re) L(Mi) M(Fa) N(Sol)

T, see it's the same as F in music.

O(La) P(Si) Q(Do) R(Re) S(Mi) T(Fa)─你看

So T is F.

T 可以視為 F

So T, E, D is the same as F, E, D.

所以 T 就是 F(Fa)

Now that piece of music that we played at the start of this session

所以TED可以視為F(Fa)E(Mi)D(Re)

had enshrined in its heart

我們在開場的時候演奏的那段音樂

the theme, which is TED.

就是從這個主題 TED

Have a listen.

變奏而來

(Music)

仔細聽

Do you hear it?

（音樂）

Or do I smell some doubt in the room?

聽到了嗎？

Okay, we'll play it for you again now,

還是我聞到了一點懷疑的味道？

and we're going to highlight, we're going to poke out the T, E, D.

好吧，為了你們我們再演奏一次

If you'll pardon the expression.

這次我們要強調，我們會把 T(Fa) E(Mi) D(Re)明顯彈出來

(Music)

容我們表演一下

Oh my goodness me, there it was loud and clear, surely.

（音樂）

I think we should make this even more explicit.

喔我的天，真是響亮

Ladies and gentlemen, it's nearly time for tea.

我認為應該讓它更明顯一點

Would you reckon you need to sing for your tea, I think?

各位，差不多是午茶時間了

I think we need to sing for our tea.

你是不是覺得該唱首歌助興，對吧？

We're going to sing those three wonderful notes: T, E, D.

我想我們是該唱首歌來配茶

Will you have a go for me?

我們來唱這三個音吧：T(Fa) E(Mi) D(Re)

Audience: T, E, D.

開始

Charles Hazlewood: Yeah, you sound a bit more like cows really than human beings.

觀眾：T(Fa) E(Mi) D(Re)

Shall we try that one again?

查：唉呀！聽起來比像牛在唱歌，不像人

And look, if you're adventurous, you go up the octave.

再唱一次

T, E, D.

如果你夠大膽你可以高八度唱

Audience: T, E, D.

T(Fa) E(Mi) D(Re)

CH: Once more with vim. (Audience: T, E, D.)

觀眾：T(Fa) E(Mi) D(Re)

There I am like a bloody windmill again, you see.

查：再有精神一點。觀眾：T(Fa) E(Mi) D(Re)

Now we're going to put that in the context of the music.

你看看，我又像那個可怕的風車了

The music will start, and then at a signal from me, you will sing that.

現在我們把這三個音混在音樂裡

(Music)

音樂先開始，等我的手勢，你們就開始唱

One more time,

（音樂）

with feeling, ladies and gentlemen.

再來一次

You won't make the key otherwise.

有點感情吧，各位

Well done, ladies and gentlemen.

這樣唱不出個所以然的

It wasn't a bad debut for the TED choir,

很好，各位先生女士

not a bad debut at all.

TED合唱團初次登場不算太糟

Now there's a project that I'm initiating at the moment

一點都不糟

that I'm very excited about and wanted to share with you,

現在我要介紹一個目前由我主導的計畫

because it is all about changing perceptions,

我對之非常興奮，也很想跟你們分享

and, indeed, building a new level of trust.

因為它跟改變看法有關

The youngest of my children was born with cerebral palsy,

還能建立全新層次的信任

which as you can imagine,

我最小的孩子一出生就是腦性麻痺

if you don't have an experience of it yourself,

你可以想像一下

is quite a big thing to take on board.

如果你對這種病一無所知

But the gift that my gorgeous daughter has given me,

一開始這情況會有多棘手

aside from her very existence,

但是我那美麗的女兒給我的禮物

is that it's opened my eyes to a whole stretch of the community

除了她的存在以外

that was hitherto hidden,

還讓我開了眼界，看到了一整個

the community of disabled people.

原本是隱藏起來的

And I found myself looking at the Paralympics and thinking how incredible

身心障礙這個族群

how technology's been harnessed to prove beyond doubt

我發現，當我觀看傷殘奧運時，覺得這真是不可思議

that disability is no barrier

科技已經被用到一種地步，可以來證明

to the highest levels of sporting achievement.

無庸置疑地殘障這件事不能阻礙他們

Of course there's a grimmer side to that truth,

達到運動成就的最高境界

which is that it's actually taken decades for the world at large

當然這件事也有殘酷無情的一面

to come to a position of trust,

就是這個世界花了幾十年的時間

to really believe that disability and sports can go together

才學會站在信任的立場

in a convincing and interesting fashion.

去真正相信殘障與運動可以用一種

So I find myself asking:

既具說服力又很有趣的方式連在一起

where is music in all of this?

所以我問我自己

You can't tell me that there aren't millions of disabled people,

在這些人中有沒有會音樂的？

in the U.K. alone,

你總不能說在成千上萬的殘障朋友裡

with massive musical potential.

就說英國就好

So I decided to create a platform for that potential.

找不到非常有音樂潛力的人

It's going to be Britain's first ever

所以我決定給這樣的人創造一個平台

national disabled orchestra.

這將是英國有史以來第一個

It's called Paraorchestra.

國家級的身心障礙者交響樂團

I'm going to show you a clip now

我稱它為「超越交響樂團」

of the very first improvisation session that we had.

我要播一段影片

It was a really extraordinary moment.

是我們第一次的即興練習

Just me and four astonishingly gifted disabled musicians.

那真是非常不平凡的一刻

Normally when you improvise --

只有我和四位有著驚人才能的殘障音樂家

and I do it all the time around the world --

正常情況下當你即興表演─

there's this initial period of horror,

我在世界巡演中經常這麼作─

like everyone's too frightened to throw the hat into the ring,

開始總有段時間會覺得很恐怖

an awful pregnant silence.

就像玩套圈圈時因為太害怕所以不敢丟出那個圈

Then suddenly, as if by magic, bang! We're all in there

一種可怕又深長的安靜

and it's complete bedlam. You can't hear anything.

然後突然間，像魔術一樣，變！我們都出手了

No one's listening. No one's trusting.

簡直就是個瘋人院，你甚麼都聽不出來