and I met a 12-year-old boy

在1994年，我走進了柬埔寨的一個監獄，

who had been tortured

遇到了一個12歲的男孩,

and was denied access to counsel.

他被嚴刑拷打

And as I looked into his eyes, I realized

還被禁止獲得律師協助。

that for the hundreds of letters I had written

我看著他的眼睛，我意識到，

for political prisoners, that I would never have

我為政治犯寫了的

written a letter for him,

數以百計的信件，但我不會

because he was not a 12-year-old boy who

為他寫信，

had done something important for anybody.

因為他不是一個

He was not a political prisoner.

做了什麼重要事蹟的12歲男孩。

He was a 12-year-old boy who had

他不是一個政治犯。

stolen a bicycle.

他是一個偷了一輛自行車的

What I also realized at that point was that

12歲男孩。

it was not only Cambodia, but

在那一刻我也意識到的是，

of the 113

不僅是柬埔寨，

developing countries that torture,

但在113個

93 of these countries have all passed laws

發展中國家有酷刑的，

that say you have a right to a lawyer

其中有93個國家都有立法，

and you have a right not to be tortured.

宣稱你有權利尋求一個律師，

And what I recognized was that there was an

你有不接受嚴刑的權力。

incredible window of opportunity for us

我意識到的是，有一個

as a world community to come together

令人難以置信的機會，

and end torture as an investigative tool.

讓我們作為國際社會集合在一起，

We often think of torture as being

終結那些作為調查工具的酷刑。

political torture or reserved for

我們通常認為酷刑是作為

just the worst, but, in fact,

政治酷刑或只是針對

95 percent of torture today

最壞的人，但其實

is not for political prisoners.

今天95％的酷刑，

It is for people who are

並不是施加在政治犯身上。

in broken-down legal systems,

它被施加在那些活在

and unfortunately because torture is

不健全的法律制度裡的人們身上，

the cheapest form of investigation --

而且不幸的是，因為酷刑是

it's cheaper than having a legal system,

最便宜的調查形式 --

cheaper than having a lawyer

它比的法律制度便宜，

and early access to counsel --

比動用律師

it is what happens most of the time.

和早期的法律顧問還便宜 --

I believe today that it is possible for us

所以大多數的情況下，酷刑便會發生。

as a world community, if we make a decision,

我相信我們今天作為一個國際社會，

to come together and end torture

如果我們作出決定，是有可能集合在一起，

as an investigative tool in our lifetime,

在我們的有生之年結束

but it will require three things.

以酷刑作為的調查工具，

First is the training, empowerment,

但它需要三樣東西。

and connection of defenders worldwide.

首先是培訓，授權，

The second is insuring that there is

並連結全世界的辯護律師。

systematic early access to counsel.

第二個是要確保

And the third is commitment.

有一套提供早期法律顧問的制度。

So in the year 2000,

第三是承諾。

I began to wonder,

在2000年，

what if we came together?

我開始在想，

Could we do something

如果我們集合一起會怎樣？

for these 93 countries?

我們能為這93個國家

And I founded International Bridges to Justice

做些什麼嗎？

which has a specific mission of

我成立了〈國際司法橋樑組織〉,

ending torture as an investigative tool

它有一個明確的任務，就是要

and implementing due process rights

終結以酷刑作為調查工具，

in the 93 countries by placing trained lawyers

以及在這93個國家裡建置

at an early stage in police stations

一套正當程序的權利， 其作法是透過

and in courtrooms.

在警察局裡以及在法院上，

My first experiences, though, did come

安排訓練有素的律師。

from Cambodia, and at the time I remember

我的第一次經驗，

first coming to Cambodia and there were,

是來自柬埔寨，當時我記得

in 1994, still less than

第一次到柬埔寨，於1994年，

10 attorneys in the country because

在全國尚有

the Khmer Rouge had killed them all.

不到10個律師，因為其他的律師

And even 20 years later, there was only

全都被赤柬殺害了。

10 lawyers in the country, so consequently

甚至在20年後，國家依然

you'd walk into a prison and

僅有10個律師，所以

not only would you meet 12-year-old boys,

當你走進一所監獄時

you'd meet women and you'd say,

你不僅能遇到12歲的男孩，

"Why are you here?" Women would say,

你還會遇到婦女，而當你問她們：

"Well I've been here for 10 years because

「為什麼你在這裡呢？」她們會說：

my husband committed a crime, but they can't find him."

「嗯，我在這裡已經10年，

So it's just a place where there was no rule of law.

因為我的丈夫犯了罪，但他們無法找到他。」

The first group of defenders came together

所以它只是一個沒有法治的地方。

and I still remember, as I was training, I said,

我還記得, 第一批辯護律師

"Okay, what do you do for an investigation?"

聚集一起，當時我在做培訓工作，我就說：

And there was silence in the class, and finally

「好吧，你會怎樣做一個調查？」

one woman stood up, [inaudible name],

全班沉默着，

and she said "Khrew," which means "teacher."

最後一個女人站了起來，[聽不清楚的名字]，

She said, "I have defended more than

她說：「Khrew」，意即「老師」。

a hundred people, and I've never had to do

她說：「我曾經為

any investigation,

一百多人辯護，, 但我從來沒有

because they all come with confessions."

做任何調查，

And we talked about, as a class, the fact that

因為他們全都已經招認。」

number one, the confessions

然後，我們在課堂上討論到

might not be reliable, but number two,

第一，那些供詞

we did not want to encourage the police

可能不可信，但第二是

to keep doing this, especially

我們不希望鼓勵警方

as it was now against the law.

繼續這樣做，特別是

And it took a lot of courage for these

因為現在它是違法的。

defenders to decide that they would

這些辯護律師花了

begin to stand up and support each other

很大的勇氣才決定

in implementing these laws.

開始站出來並且互相支持

And I still remember the first cases where

來落實這些法律。

they came, all 25 together, she would

我還記得第一案例裡，

stand up, and they were in the back, and

他們25個一起來，

they would support her, and the judges kept

她會站着，其他的都站在後面

saying, "No, no, no, no, we're going to do things

並且會支持她，而法官不停地說：

the exact same way we've been doing them."

「不，不，不，不，我們要用以往相同的方式

But one day the perfect case came, and it

去做我們的事情。」

was a woman who was a vegetable seller,

有一天，一個完美的案件出現了，

she was sitting outside of a house.

一個賣蔬菜的女人，

She said she actually saw the person

她坐在一所房子外面。

run out who she thinks stole

她說她真的看到了

whatever the jewelry was, but the police

她認為偷走了珠寶的人

came, they got her, there was nothing on her.

從房子逃走出去，但警察來了

She was pregnant at the time. She had

卻逮捕了她，她身上一無所有。

cigarette burns on her. She'd miscarried.

當時她身懷六甲。她身上有

And when they brought her case

被煙頭燙傷的傷疤，而且她流產了。

to the judge, for the first time he stood up

當他們把她的案件

and he said, "Yes, there's no evidence

拿來到法官前，他首次站了起來，

except for your torture confession

說：「是的，這裡沒有證據,

and you will be released."

除了妳被逼供的招認，

And the defenders began to take cases

而妳將會被釋放。」

over and over again and

而辯護律師開始一遍又一遍的

you will see, they have step by step began

接受案件，

to change the course of history in Cambodia.

你會看到，他們一步一步開始

But Cambodia is not alone.

在改變柬埔寨的歷史。

I used to think, well is it Cambodia?

但柬埔寨並是唯一的例子。

Or is it other countries?

我常想，是柬埔寨嗎？

But it is in so many countries.

抑或是其他國家呢？

In Burundi I walked into a prison and it wasn't

但這樣的事情在如此多的國家發生。

a 12-year-old boy, it was an 8-year-old boy

在布隆迪，我走進了監獄，這次不是

for stealing a mobile phone.

一個12歲的男孩，而是一個8歲的男孩

Or a woman, I picked up her baby,

偷了一個手機。

really cute baby, I said "Your baby is so cute."

或是一個女人，我抱起她的寶寶，

It wasn't a baby, she was three.

很可愛的寶寶，我說:「你的寶寶太可愛了。」

And she said "Yeah, but she's why I'm here,"

只不過那不是一個嬰兒，她已經三歲。

because she was accused of stealing

她說：「是啊，但她就是我在這裡的原因」,

two diapers and an iron for her baby and

因為她被指控竊取了

still had been in prison.

兩塊尿布和熨斗給她的嬰兒

And when I walked up to the prison director,

並且仍然被困在獄中。

I said, "You've got to let her out.

當我走到監獄主管前，

A judge would let her out."

我說，「你一定要把她放出來。

And he said, "Okay, we can talk about it,

法官會放她出來。」

but look at my prison. Eighty percent

他說，「好吧，我們可以談談這件事，

of the two thousand people here

但看看我的監獄。在這裡的

are without a lawyer. What can we do?"

兩千人中百分之八十

So lawyers began to courageously

沒有律師，我們可以做些什麼？」

stand up together to organize a system

因此，律師開始勇敢地

where they can take cases.

站出來，共同組織一套制度，

But we realized that it's not only the training

在那裡他們可以接案。

of the lawyers, but the connection

但我們意識到，重要的不僅是

of the lawyers that makes a difference.

律師的訓練，而是律師們之間

For example, in Cambodia, it was that

的聯繫。

[inaudible name] did not go alone

例如，在柬埔寨，[清不見的名字]

but she had 24 lawyers with her

不是單槍匹馬，

who stood up together. And in the same way,

她有24個律師

in China, they always tell me,

與她一起爭取。同樣地，

"It's like a fresh wind in the desert

在中國，他們常常告訴我，

when we can come together."

「當我們能走到一起,

Or in Zimbabwe, where I remember Innocent,

這就像在沙漠中的清風。」

after coming out of a prison where everybody

或在辛巴威，我記得「無辜」,

stood up and said, "I've been here

在一個監獄裡走出來, 當每個人

for one year, eight years, 12 years

都站出來，並說:「我在這裡

without a lawyer,"

已經一年，八年，十二年

he came and we had a training together

沒有律師」,

and he said, "I have heard it said" --

他來和我們一同訓練,

because he had heard people mumbling

他說：「我聽到有人說」--

and grumbling -- "I have heard it said that

因為他聽說有人喃喃自語

we cannot help to create justice

和抱怨 -- 「我聽有人說，

because we do not have the resources."

我們不能不建立公平公正

And then he said, "But I want you to know

因為我們沒有資源。」

that the lack of resources

然後他說，「但我想讓你知道，

is never an excuse for injustice."

資源的匱乏

And with that, he successfully

不應該是一個不公不義存在的藉口。」

organized 68 lawyers who have been

而就這樣，他已成功地

systematically taking the cases.

組織了個68律師

The key that we see, though, is training

有系統地接案。

and then early access.

我們發現，關鍵是訓練,

I was recently in Egypt, and was inspired

以及早期的法律顧問服務。

to meet with another group of lawyers,

最近我在埃及，並獲得了靈感，

and what they told me is that they said,

去會見另一組律師，

"Hey, look, we don't have police

他們告訴我，

on the streets now. The police are

「嗨，看看，現在

one of the main reasons why we had

我們的街道上沒有警察。

the revolution. They were torturing everybody

警察是我們掀起革命的

all the time."

主要原因之一。他們總是在

And I said, "But there's been tens of millions

對人動刑。」

of dollars that have recently gone in

我說:「但最近不是有數千萬元

to the development of the legal system here.

去發展這裡的

What's going on?"

法律制度嗎?

I met with one of the development agencies,

究竟發生了什麼事？」

and they were training prosecutors

我會見了其中一個發展機構，

and judges, which is the normal bias,

他們正在培訓檢察官

as opposed to defenders.

和法官，

And they showed me a manual which

而不是培訓辯護律師，而這是常見的錯誤作法。

actually was an excellent manual.

他們給我看了一本手冊，

I said, "I'm gonna copy this."

實際上是一本很好的手冊。

It had everything in it. Lawyers can come

我說：「我要去複製一份。」

at the police station. It was perfect.

它包含了一切。律師可以

Prosecutors were perfectly trained.

前往派出所。它是完美的。

But I said to them, "I just have one question,

檢察官得到了完整的訓練。

which is, by the time that everybody got to

但我對他們說:「我只有一個問題，

the prosecutor's office, what had happened to them?"

那便是，當每個人都到了

And after a pause, they said,

檢察官的辦公室，他們會發生什麼？」

"They had been tortured."

停頓一會兒後，他們說:

So the pieces are,

「他們遭受過酷刑。」

not only the training of the lawyers, but

因此，不僅是

us finding a way to systematically implement

律師的培訓，我們還要找到一種方法，

early access to counsel, because they are

有系統地實施早期法律顧問服務，

the safeguard in the system

因為那是

for people who are being tortured.

身處凌遲拷打中的人們

And as I tell you this, I'm also aware of the

唯一的保障。

fact that it sounds like, "Oh, okay, it sounds

正如我告訴你，我也知道

like we could do it, but can we really do it?"

事實上它聽起來像，「哦，好吧，這聽起來

Because it sounds big.

像我們做得到的，但我們真的可以做到嗎？」

And there are many reasons why I believe it's possible.

因為它聽起來像是一個大工程。

The first reason is the people on the ground

但有許多原因讓我相信這是可能的。

who find ways of creating miracles

第一個原因是，實際在這一行的人會

because of their commitment.

因為他們的承諾而找到

It's not only Innocent, who I told you about

創造奇蹟的方法。

in Zimbabwe, but defenders all over the world

不僅是「無辜」，我告訴你

who are looking for these pieces.

在辛巴威的人，但在世界各地。

We have a program called JusticeMakers,

搜尋着這些方法的辯護律師。

and we realized there are people that are

我們有一個計畫稱為JusticeMakers，

courageous and want to do things, but

我們意識到有人是勇敢

how can we support them?

和想做點事情，但我們

So it's an online contest where it's only

如何支持他們呢？

five thousand dollars if you come up with

所以它是一個網路競賽，

and innovative way of implementing justice.

如果你能提出

And there are 30 JusticeMakers

創新的方式來實施司法，就有五千美元獎金。

throughout the world, from Sri Lanka

在世界各地

to Swaziland to the DRC, who with

有30個JusticeMakers，從斯里蘭卡，

five thousand dollars do amazing things,

到史瓦濟蘭，到剛果，

through SMS programs,

用五千美元就可以做到了不起的事情，

through paralegal programs,

通過 SMS程序，

through whatever they can do.

通過法律輔導計劃，

And it's not only these JusticeMakers,

通過他們可以做的任何事。

but people we courageously see

不僅是這些 JusticeMakers，

figure out who their networks are

還有我們看到的人勇敢地

and how they can move it forward.

找出他們的人際網絡，

So in China, for instance, great laws

以及他們如何能繼續發展它。

came out where it says police cannot

例如，在中國，偉大的法律被通過，

torture people or they will be punished.

禁止警察對人動刑，

And I was sitting side by side with one of our

否則將予以懲處。

very courageous lawyers, and said,

而且，有一次我跟我們一位很勇敢的

"How can we get this out? How can we

律師坐在一起，說:

make sure that this is implemented?

「我們怎樣才能把這個理念宣揚出去呢？

This is fantastic." And he said to me,

我們如何才能確保它被施行呢？

"Well, do you have money?" And I said,

這是太棒了。」他對我說:

"No." And he said, "That's okay,

「那麼，你有沒有錢？」我說:

we can still figure it out."

「沒有。」他說:「這沒關係，

And on December 4, he organized

我們仍然可以想想辦法。」

three thousand members

在12月4日，他組織了

of the Youth Communist League,

3千個青年共產

from 14 of the top law schools,

主義青年團的成員，

who organized themselves, developed

從14個頂尖的法律學校，

posters with the new laws, and went

他們組織起來，製作海報

to the police stations and began what he says

宣傳新的法律，並去派出所，

is a non-violent legal revolution

並開始了他稱為的一個合法

to protect citizen rights.

非暴力的革命

So I talked about the fact that we need

以保護公民權利。