that you can download products from the Web --

今日的現實

product data, I should say, from the Web --

就是各位可以從網路下載產品

perhaps tweak it and personalize it

或應該說是產品的資料

to your own preference or your own taste,

然後修改 加以個人化

and have that information sent

以符合你的個人的喜好或口味

to a desktop machine

並將這份資訊

that will fabricate it for you on the spot.

傳送到到一部桌上型機器

We can actually build for you,

替你當場做出實物

very rapidly,

就是說 我們實際上

a physical object.

可以快速地

And the reason we can do this

為你做出實物

is through an emerging technology

我們仰賴的

called additive manufacturing,

是一種新興科技

or 3D printing.

稱作添加式製造

This is a 3D printer.

或3D列印

They have been around

這是一台3D打印機

for almost 30 years now,

這種機器

which is quite amazing to think of,

已經出現將近30年了

but they're only just starting

這點還蠻讓人訝異的

to filter into the public arena.

因為它們最近

And typically, you would take data,

才開始滲透入公共領域的應用

like the data of a pen here,

通常的用法是把資料

which would be a geometric representation of that product in 3D,

像這些筆的資料

and we would pass that data with material

就是這些產品在三度空間中的幾何呈現數據

into a machine.

把這些資料連同原料

And a process that would happen in the machine

一起傳送給機器

would mean layer by layer that product would be built.

機器裡的製造過程

And we can take out the physical product,

就是一層一層地建構這項產品

and ready to use,

當我們把實體的產品拿出來

or to, perhaps, assemble into something else.

就可以直接使用

But if these machines have been around for almost 30 years,

或是把它組裝成其他東西

why don't we know about them?

不過 如果這種機器已經存在將近30年之久

Because typically they've been too inefficient,

為什麼我們對它一無所知？

inaccessible,

因為這種機器非常沒有效率

they've not been fast enough,

難以取得

they've been quite expensive.

速度不夠快

But today,

又很昂貴

it is becoming a reality

但是今天

that they are now becoming successful.

這種機器已經逐漸

Many barriers are breaking down.

變得越來越成功

That means that you guys

我們已經突破許多障礙

will soon be able to access one of these machines,

這表示 在座各位

if not this minute.

很快可以有機會使用這種機器

And it will change and disrupt

就算不是此時此刻

the landscape of manufacturing,

而這會改變和瓦解

and most certainly our lives, our businesses

現有的製造格局

and the lives of our children.

影響我們的生活，我們的商業

So how does it work?

和孩子的生活

It typically reads CAD data,

可是這是怎樣達成的呢？

which is a product design data

它經由讀取CAD(電腦輔助設計)資訊

created on professional product design programs.

一種產品設計資料

And here you can see an engineer --

由專業的產品設計軟體產生

it could be an architect or it could be a professional product designer --

而這裡你看以看到一名工程師 --

create a product in 3D.

也可能是一名建築師，或者是一名產品設計師 --

And this data gets sent to a machine

設計了一個3D的產品

that slices the data

這個資料輸送到一個機器

into two-dimensional representations of that product

將數據“切片”

all the way through --

把這個產品進行整體的

almost like slicing it like salami.

二維分解

And that data, layer by layer, gets passed through the machine,

就像切香腸一樣

starting at the base of the product

這些資料，分層通過機器

and depositing material, layer upon layer,

從產品底部開始

infusing the new layer of materials to the old layer

一層一層的澆注材料

in an additive process.

使用加成工藝讓上一層的材料

And this material that's deposited

不斷滲入下一層

either starts as a liquid form

這種澆注材料

or a material powder form.

最開始可能是液體狀

And the bonding process can happen

也可能是粉末狀

by either melting and depositing or depositing then melting.

而粘合工藝的原理

In this case, we can see a laser sintering machine developed by EOS.

可以是先融化再澆注，也可以是先澆注再融化

It's actually using a laser

在這個例子裡 我們看到的是EOS開發的鐳射燒結機

to fuse the new layer of material to the old layer.

它利用鐳射

And over time --

將新加層的材料熔接到前一層

quite rapidly actually, in a number of hours --

經過一段時間 --

we can build a physical product,

其實很快，也就是幾個小時 --

ready to take out of the machine and use.

我們就可以做出實物

And this is quite an extraordinary idea,

拿出機器并投入使用

but it is reality today.

這想法很棒

So all these products that you can see on the screen

並已成為現實

were made in the same way.

你們在螢幕上見到的

They were all 3D printed.

都是用同樣方法做出來的

And you can see,

3D列印的產物

they're ranging from shoes,

可以看到

rings that were made out of stainless steal,

它可以做出鞋子

phone covers out of plastic,

不銹鋼制的戒指

all the way through to spinal implants, for example,

塑膠的手機殼

that were created out of medical-grade titanium,

以及採用醫用鈦製成的

and engine parts.

脊柱植入物

But what you'll notice about all of these products

還有引擎零件

is they're very, very intricate.

請注意 所有這些產品

The design is quite extraordinary.

都非常非常複雜

Because we're taking this data in 3D form,

有著令人驚歎的設計

slicing it up before it gets past the machine,

因為我們使用的是3D形式的資料

we can actually create structures

在製作前全部分解

that are more intricate

我們可以創造出

than any other manufacturing technology --

極其複雜的結構

or, in fact, are impossible to build in any other way.

比現有的任何一種製造技術都複雜

And you can create parts with moving components,

事實上，採用其他技術都無法做出如此複雜的結構

hinges, parts within parts.

你可以做出帶有移動元件的零件

So in some cases, we can abolish totally

鉸鏈，層層嵌套的零件

the need for manual labor.

在某些例子裡，我們可以完全摒棄

It sounds great.

手工的需要

It is great.

聽起來很棒

We can have 3D printers today

而它的確很棒

that build structures like these.

今天的3D打印機

This is almost three meters high.

可以做出這樣的結構

And this was built

這個差不多有3米高

by depositing artificial sandstone layer upon layer

它是由

in layers of about five millimeters to 10 mm in thickness --

層層澆注人工砂岩

slowly growing this structure.

每層5到10毫米厚

This was created by an architectural firm called Shiro.

慢慢生成的一個結構

And you can actually walk into it.

這是Shiro建築師事務所的作品

And on the other end of the spectrum,

人們可以走到裡面去

this is a microstructure.

而在另一個極端

It's created depositing layers

這是一個微縮結構

of about four microns.

這裡的澆注層

So really the resolution is quite incredible.

只有大約4微米

The detail that you can get today

這個精細度是很驚人的

is quite amazing.

今天所能做出的細節

So who's using it?

是很驚人的

Typically, because we can create products very rapidly,

那麼誰在用呢？

it's been used by product designers,

一般來說，因為它能快速製作產品

or anyone who wanted to prototype a product

所以產品設計師是常用者

and very quickly create or reiterate a design.

另外就是任何想製作產品模型

And actually what's quite amazing about this technology as well

並且需要快速製作或複製設計的人

is that you can create bespoke products en masse.

這項科技的另一個驚人之處

There's very little economies of scale.

就是你可以對個性化產品進行一次性成型

So you can now create one-offs very easily.

這樣它的規模效應很小

Architects, for example,

你也能輕鬆地做出一次性設計

they want to create prototypes of buildings.

譬如建築師

Again you can see,

他們要做建築模型

this is a building of the Free University in Berlin

你們看到的

and it was designed by Foster and Partners.

是柏林自由大學的一幢建築

Again, not buildable in any other way.

由福斯特建築事務所設計

And very hard to even create this by hand.

它無法由（除3D列印之外的）其他技術實現

Now this is an engine component.

既是是手工製作也很困難

It was developed by a company called Within Technologies

這是一個引擎部件

and 3T RPD.

由Within技術公司

It's very, very, very detailed

與3T RPD公司開發

inside with the design.

它有非常精細的

Now 3D printing

內部設計

can break away barriers in design

3D列印

which challenge the constraints

能打破設計的藩籬

of mass production.

這大大挑戰了

If we slice into this product which is actually sitting here,

工業生產的限制

you can see that it has a number of cooling channels pass through it,

如果我們把這裡的產品剖開來

which means it's a more efficient product.

可以看到這裡有數條貫穿的冷卻管道

You can't create this with standard manufacturing techniques

這說明這個產品效率更高

even if you tried to do it manually.

你無法用標準的製造技術來實現它們

It's more efficient

完全手工也不行

because we can now create all these cavities within the object

它效率更高的原因便是

that cool fluid.

因為我們可以製造物體內的所有用來冷卻液體

And it's used by aerospace

的腔體

and automotive.

它現在被使用於航空航天

It's a lighter part

和汽車工業

and it uses less material waste.

它很輕

So it's overall performance and efficiency

生產廢料也很少

just exceeds standard mass produced products.

總的來說 相比於標準的量產品

And then taking this idea

它很可行也具有更高效率

of creating a very detailed structure,

運用這項技術

we can apply it to honeycomb structures

我們可以做出其它很細節的結構

and use them within implants.

我們可以做出蜂窩結構

Typically an implant

用於植入體內

is more effective within the body

一般來說

if it's more porous,

植入體有越多孔洞

because our body tissue will grow into it.

它就越有效

There's a lower chance of rejection.

這是因為身體組織可以長在裡面

But it's very hard to create that in standard ways.

減少被排斥的機會

With 3D printing,

但是 如果用傳統方法 這是非常困難的。

we're seeing today

利用3D列印技術

that we can create much better implants.

我們可以看到

And in fact, because we can create

它能夠做出更好的植入體

bespoke products en masse, one-offs,

實際上 由於我們可以打造

we can create implants

客製化、一次性的產品

that are specific to individuals.

我們可以特地打造

So as you can see,

專屬于個人的植入體

this technology and the quality of what comes out of the machines is fantastic.

你可以看到

And we're starting to see it being used

這些技術以及利用其做出來的產品都是非常了不起的

for final end products.

現在我們來看

And in fact, as the detail is improving,

它能做出的最終產品

the quality is improving,

實際上 隨著細節的提高

the price of the machines are falling

以及質量的提高

and they're becoming quicker.

3D印表機價格也正在降低

They're also now small enough

并能越來越快的做出產品

to sit on a desktop.

現在它們已經足夠小到

You can buy a machine today for about $300

可以放到桌子上面

that you can create yourself,

今天你只需要花上300美元

which is quite incredible.

便可以買一個3D印表機來自己做產品

But then it begs the question,

這是很不可思議的

why don't we all have one in our home?

現在有人就會問

Because, simply, most of us here today

為什麼我們不能自己在家裡有一個呢？

don't know how to create the data

因為 簡單的說 在場的各位

that a 3D printer reads.

不知道如何做出

If I gave you a 3D printer,

3D打印機能讀取的數據

you wouldn't know how to direct it

如果我給你一個3D打印機

to make what you want it to.

你會不知道如何指導它

But there are more and more

做出你想要的東西

technologies, software and processes today

現在 技術的進步

that are breaking down those barriers.

越來越多的軟體

I believe we're at a tipping point

正在打破這些障礙

where this is now something

我相信現在

that we can't avoid.

正位於一個轉折點

This technology

我們無法忽視它

is really going to disrupt

這項技術，

the landscape of manufacturing

正在重塑

and, I believe, cause a revolution

製造業的佈局

in manufacturing.

我相信，3D列印會引發

So today,

製造業的革新。

you can download products from the Web --

今天，

anything you would have on your desktop,

你可以從網路上下載你想要的產品

like pens, whistles, lemon squeezers.

任何你想要的

You can use software like Google SketchUp

像鉛筆，口哨，檸檬榨汁機等

to create products from scratch

你可以利用像Google SketchUp的軟體

very easily.

很容易的

3D printing can be also used

做出這些產品

to download spare parts from the Web.

3D列印也可以用來

So imagine you have, say,

從網路上下載備用零件

a Hoover in your home

想像一下

and it has broken down. You need a spare part,

某天你的吸塵器壞了

but you realize that Hoover's been discontinued.

你需要一個備用零件

Can you imagine going online --

但是發現，Hoover已經停產了

this is a reality --

想像一下 你可以直接去網路上 --

and finding that spare part

這已成為現實 --

from a database of geometries

在停產的數據庫中

of that discontinued product

找到這個備用零件

and downloading that information, that data,

找到這個備用零件

and having the product made for you at home,

下載關於這個產品的信息

ready to use, on your demand?

并在家裡把它做出來

And in fact, because we can create spare parts

並且馬上在你需要時就能用

with things the machines

實際上 因為我們可以做出備用零件

are quite literally making themselves.

這些機器

You're having machines fabricate themselves.

其實可以做出它們自己

These are parts of a RepRap machine,

機器可以自我複製

which is a kind of desktop printer.

這些是RepRap機器的零件

But what interests my company the most

它是一種桌上打印機

is the fact that you can create

但我們公司特別感興趣的是

individual unique products en masse.

你可以做出屬於你

There's no need to do a run

獨一無二的東西

of thousands of millions

你不需要做出

or send that product to be injection molded in China.

成千上萬個

You can just make it physically on the spot.

也不需要把零件送去中國組裝

Which means

你可以當場就做出來

that we can now present to the public

這意味著

the next generation of customization.

我們可以向大眾展示

This is something that is now possible today,

新一代的客戶訂製

that you can direct personally

有一部分現在已經成為可能

how you want your products to look.

你可以讓打印機

We're all familiar with the idea

做出你想要的產品

of customization or personalization.

我們都很熟悉

Brands like Nike are doing it.

訂製或做個性化

It's all over the Web.

像Nike這樣的品牌正在這樣做

In fact, every major household name

完全都在網路上進行

is allowing you

實際上，每個家喻戶曉的公司

to interact with their products

都使你在日常生活中

on a daily basis --

和他們的產品

all the way from Smart Cars

互饋信息 --

to Prada

從智能汽車

to Ray Ban, for example.

到Prada

But this is not really mass customization;

再到Ray Ban

it's known as variant production,

但這不是大規模訂製