we invest in survivors.

我們不投資受害者

And in ways both big and small,

我們投資存活下來的人

the narrative of the victim

不論事件是大或小

shapes the way we see women.

受害者的敘述

You can't count what you don't see.

塑造了我們看待女性的方式

And we don't invest in what's invisible to us.

你不能指望你看不見的東西

But this is the face

我們也不投資我們看不見的事物

of resilience.

但這才是

Six years ago,

韌性的樣貌

I started writing about women entrepreneurs

六年前

during and after conflict.

我開始書寫關於在衝突爆發個過程中或衝突發生之後

I set out to write a compelling economic story,

女性創業者的故事

one that had great characters, that no one else was telling,

我開始寫一則令人注目的經濟故事

and one that I thought mattered.

故事有著偉大的角色，但沒有被人談論過

And that turned out to be women.

是我覺得重要的故事

I had left ABC news and a career I loved at the age of 30

那原來是女性的故事

for business school,

我離開了ABC新聞台，離開了我三十歲時喜歡的職業

a path I knew almost nothing about.

為了讀商學院

None of the women I had grown up with in Maryland

這條我幾乎不了解的路

had graduated from college,

在馬里蘭州，我沒有認識任何一位女性

let alone considered business school.

是從大學畢業的

But they had hustled to feed their kids

更別說要去念商學院

and pay their rent.

但是他們忙於照顧他們的孩子

And I saw from a young age

和支付房租

that having a decent job and earning a good living

我年輕時就看到

made the biggest difference

有一份好工作和良好的生活

for families who were struggling.

對那些掙扎著生活的家庭來說

So if you're going to talk about jobs,

是有很大的不同

then you have to talk about entrepreneurs.

如果各位要談論工作

And if you're talking about entrepreneurs

那麼就要談談那些創業者

in conflict and post-conflict settings,

如果要談論那些

then you must talk about women,

在衝突中或衝突環境下的創業者

because they are the population you have left.

那一定要談談女性

Rwanda in the immediate aftermath of the genocide

因為他們是我們遺忘的族群

was 77 percent female.

盧安達在經歷過大屠殺後

I want to introduce you

有77%的人口是女性

to some of those entrepreneurs I've met

我想跟各位介紹

and share with you some of what they've taught me over the years.

一些我見過的創業者

I went to Afghanistan in 2005

並跟各位分享這些年來他們教導我的事

to work on a Financial Times piece,

2005年時我去了阿富汗

and there I met Kamila,

為金融時報工作

a young women who told me she had just turned down

在那裡我遇見了Kamila

a job with the international community

她是位年輕女性

that would have paid her nearly $2,000 a month --

她告訴我她剛拒絕的一個在國際組織工作的機會

an astronomical sum in that context.

這份工作可以給她每個月兩千元的薪水

And she had turned it down, she said,

這對她來說是個天文數字

because she was going to start her next business,

但她說，她拒絕了這個機會

an entrepreneurship consultancy

因為她要開始經營她另一項事業

that would teach business skills

是創業顧問

to men and women all around Afghanistan.

要指導阿富汗的男性和女性

Business, she said,

商業技能

was critical to her country's future.

她說商業

Because long after this round of internationals left,

是影響她國家未來的關鍵

business would help keep her country

因為在這一波國際關注離開之後

peaceful and secure.

商業活動能為她的國家

And she said business was even more important for women

帶來安全和和平

because earning an income earned respect

她也說了，商業活動對女性更是重要

and money was power for women.

因為賺取收入能獲得尊重

So I was amazed.

金錢對女性來說是種力量

I mean here was a girl who had never lived in peace time

我對此感到驚奇

who somehow had come to sound like a candidate from "The Apprentice."

那是一個從未在和平的時間生活過的女性

(Laughter)

卻怎麼的聽起來像是實境電視《誰是接班人》中的參賽者

So I asked her, "How in the world do you know this much about business?

(笑聲)

Why are you so passionate?"

所以我問她「妳是如何如此了解商業活動的？

She said, "Oh Gayle, this is actually my third business.

你為什麼對此如此熱情？」

My first business was a dressmaking business

她說「喔，Gayle，這其實是我第三項事業了

I started under the Taliban.

我第一份生意是訂製衣服的生意

And that was actually an excellent business,

我在塔利班政權統治下開始做的

because we provided jobs for women all around our neighborhood.

事實上生意挺好的

And that's really how I became an entrepreneur."

因為我們提供了附近的婦女們工作機會

Think about this:

那也是我成為創業家的真正原因」

Here were girls who braved danger

各位想想

to become breadwinners

在這裡，女孩們冒著危險

during years in which they couldn't even be on their streets.

成為家庭的經濟支柱

And at a time of economic collapse

在那些她們甚至無法走上街頭的年代

when people sold baby dolls and shoe laces

在經濟崩盤的時間

and windows and doors

當人們出售嬰兒玩偶和鞋帶

just to survive,

還有出售門窗

these girls made the difference

為了生存的時候

between survival and starvation

這些女孩們

for so many.

在生存和飢餓之間

I couldn't leave the story, and I couldn't leave the topic either,

做了許多改變

because everywhere I went I met more of these women

我無法停止寫這個故事，也無法拋開這個題目

who no one seemed to know about,

因為我不管走到哪，我遇見更多這樣的女性

or even wish to.

她們看似無人認識

I went on to Bosnia,

也沒有人想認識

and early on in my interviews I met with an IMF official

我去波斯尼亞

who said, "You know, Gayle,

在我的採訪初期，我會見了國際貨幣基金組織官員

I don't think we actually have women in business in Bosnia,

他告訴我「Gayle，你知道嗎

but there is a lady selling cheese nearby

事實上我不認為在波斯尼亞有女性從事商業活動

on the side of the road.

但這裡有位小姐在附近販售起司

So maybe you could interview her."

就在路旁

So I went out reporting

所以也許你可以訪問她」

and within a day I met Narcisa Kavazovic

所以我外出採訪

who at that point was opening a new factory

不到一天，我遇見了Narcisa Kavazovic

on the war's former front lines in Sarajevo.

她在當時開了一間新工廠

She had started her business

就在薩拉熱窩戰爭的前線之前

squatting in an abandoned garage,

她就在一個

sewing sheets and pillow cases

廢棄的車庫裡開始了她的生意

she would take to markets all around the city

縫製床單和枕頭套

so that she could support

她會到城裡每一個市場去販售

the 12 or 13 family members

如此她才得以

who were counting on her for survival.

支持12至13為家庭成員的生活

By the time we met, she had 20 employees,

他們都仰賴她生活

most of them women,

在我們見面時，她擁有20名員工

who were sending their boys and their girls to school.

大部分都是女性

And she was just the start.

她們送她們的兒子女兒們到學校

I met women running essential oils businesses,

她只是一個開始

wineries

我遇過女性經營重要的石油生意

and even the country's largest advertising agency.

酒廠

So these stories together

甚至是國內最大的廣告公司

became the Herald Tribune business cover.

這些故事綜合在一起

And when this story posted,

成為先驅論壇報的商業新聞頭版

I ran to my computer to send it to the IMF official.

當這則故事被報導出來

And I said, "Just in case you're looking for entrepreneurs

我奔向我的電腦，立刻寄給了國際貨幣基金總部

to feature at your next investment conference,

說「以防萬一，你們要找創業者

here are a couple of women."

作為貴單位下一場投資論壇的主題時，

(Applause)

這裡有很多女性。」

But think about this.

(掌聲)

The IMF official is hardly the only person

但是各位想想

to automatically file women under micro.

國際貨幣基金的這位代表，並非唯一一個

The biases, whether intentional or otherwise,

會自動地對女性如此藐視的人

are pervasive,

偏見，不論是有意還無心

and so are the misleading mental images.

都是普遍的

If you see the word "microfinance,"

更別說是誤導的心理印象

what comes to mind?

如果你看到「小額信貸」這個詞

Most people say women.

各位心裡會想到什麼？

And if you see the word "entrepreneur,"

大部分的人會說女性

most people think men.

但如果各位看到「創業家」這個詞呢？

Why is that?

大部分的人會想到男性

Because we aim low and we think small

為什麼會如此？

when it comes to women.

因為我們想到女性的時候

Microfinance is an incredibly powerful tool

目標不高也不遠大

that leads to self-sufficiency and self-respect,

小額信貸是種不可思議的有力工具

but we must move beyond micro-hopes

這能帶來自給自足和自我尊重

and micro-ambitions for women,

但我們必須讓女性超越那些微小的希望

because they have so much greater hopes for themselves.

和那些微小的企圖心

They want to move from micro to medium and beyond.

因為她們給了自己更大的希望

And in many places,

她們想從圍小提升到中階甚至是更高的位置

they're there.

在許多地方

In the U.S., women-owned businesses

她們的確在那些高階位子上

will create five and a half million new jobs by 2018.

在美國，女性掌管的商業活動

In South Korea and Indonesia,

到2018年將創造550萬新的就業機會

women own nearly half a million firms.

在南韓和印尼

China, women run 20 percent

婦女擁有近五十萬家公司

of all small businesses.

在中國，女性主導了

And in the developing world overall,

百分二十的小型企業

That figure is 40 to 50 percent.

在全世界的開發中國家

Nearly everywhere I go,

數據更達百分之四十至五十

I meet incredibly interesting entrepreneurs

幾乎我所到過的地方

who are seeking access to finance, access to markets

我遇見了非常有趣的創業家

and established business networks.

正在尋求獲得資金，進入市場

They are often ignored

建立起商業活動的網絡

because they're harder to help.

她們常被忽視

It is much riskier to give a 50,000 dollar loan

因為她們難以被幫助

than it is to give a 500 dollar loan.

要給予五萬美元的貸款

And as the World Bank recently noted,

遠比給予五百美金的貸款風險要高

women are stuck in a productivity trap.

如同世界銀行最近指出

Those in small businesses

婦女被困在生產力的陷阱裡

can't get the capital they need to expand

那些小型企業

and those in microbusiness

無法獲取他們所需的擴展資金

can't grow out of them.

那些微型企業

Recently I was at the State Department in Washington

無法成長

and I met an incredibly passionate entrepreneur from Ghana.

最近我在華盛頓國務院

She sells chocolates.

我遇到了一位來自加納極盡熱情的創業家

And she had come to Washington,

她是賣巧克力的

not seeking a handout and not seeking a microloan.

她來到華盛頓

She had come seeking serious investment dollars

不是來尋求施捨也不是來尋求小額貸款

so that she could build the factory

她是來尋找強力的投資資金

and buy the equipment she needs

讓她能建立工廠

to export her chocolates

購買她所需的設備

to Africa, Europe, the Middle East

來出口她的巧克力

and far beyond --

到非洲、歐洲和中東地區

capital that would help her to employ

甚至是更遠的地方

more than the 20 people

資金也能幫助她

that she already has working for her,

再雇用多一點的員工

and capital that would fuel her own country's

她現在已經有超過二十名員工為她工作

economic climb.

資金也能幫助她自己的國家

The great news is

有大幅的經濟成長

we already know what works.

好消息是

Theory and empirical evidence

我們知道確實是如此

Have already taught us.

理論和經驗證據

We don't need to invent solutions because we have them --

告訴我們

cash flow loans

我們不需要發明解決方案

based in income rather than assets,

因為我們有現金流貸款

loans that use secure contracts rather than collateral,

那是根據收入而非資產做抵押

because women often don't own land.

貸款使用安全合約而非抵押契約

And Kiva.org, the microlender,

因為女性通常沒有擁有土地

is actually now experimenting with crowdsourcing

Kiva.org，一間微型放款公司

small and medium sized loans.

其實正在實驗眾包

And that's just to start.

一些中小型的貸款的計劃

Recently it has become very much in fashion

而這只是個開端

to call women "the emerging market of the emerging market."

近來流行稱呼女性

I think that is terrific.

新興市場中的新興市場

You know why?

我認為這太讚了

Because -- and I say this as somebody who worked in finance --

各位知道為什麼嗎？

500 billion dollars at least

因為 - 而我我以一個曾在金融圈打滾的身分這樣說 -

has gone into the emerging markets in the past decade.

在過去十年裡新興市場中

Because investors saw the potential for return

至少有五百億美元注入

at a time of slowing economic growth,

因為投資者看到了潛在的利潤

and so they created financial products

在經濟成長緩慢的時期

and financial innovation

他們針對了新興市場

tailored to the emerging markets.

創造了金融性商品

How wonderful would it be

和金融創新

if we were prepared to replace all of our lofty words

如果我們用我們的荷包

with our wallets

投資五兆美元

and invest 500 billion dollars

來取代那些高尚稱讚的話語

unleashing women's economic potential?

幫助啟動女性的經濟潛力

Just think of the benefits

這個世界將是多麼美好

when it comes to jobs, productivity,

想想那些優點

employment, child nutrition,

那些帶來的工作機會，生產力

maternal mortality, literacy

職業，兒童保健

and much, much more.

產婦死亡率、識字率

Because, as the World Economic Forum noted,

還有很多很多

smaller gender gaps are directly correlated

因為如同世界經濟論壇指出

with increased economic competitiveness.

性別差距越小

And not one country in all the world

越能提高經濟競爭力

has eliminated its economic participation gap --

沒有一個國家

not one.

已經填補兩性參與商業活動上的差距

So the great news

一個都沒有

is this is an incredible opportunity.

所以好消息是

We have so much room to grow.

這就是一個大好機會

So you see,

我們有相當多的成長空間

this is not about doing good,

所以

this is about global growth

這不是只為做好事

and global employment.

這是為了全球的發展

It is about how we invest

和就業市場

and it's about how we see women.

這是關於我們如何投資

And women can no longer be

如何看待女性

both half the population

女性已經不只是

and a special interest group.

世界上一半的人口

(Applause)

小眾利益族群而已

Oftentimes I get into very interesting discussions with reporters

(掌聲)

who say to me, "Gayle, these are great stories,

我經常都和同行討論

but you're really writing about the exceptions."

他們對我說「Gayle，這些故事真棒

Now that makes me pause for just a couple reasons.

但你都寫的是一些例外。」

First of all, for exceptions,

那讓我停下來，基於幾個原因

there are a lot of them

首先，所謂的例外

and they're important.

有好多

Secondly, when we talk about men who are succeeding,

而且都是重要的

we rightly consider them

第二，當我們談論那些成功的男人

icons or pioneers or innovators

我們直接將他們

to be emulated.

視為指標、先驅、發明者

And when we talk about women,

要仿效的對象

they are either exceptions to be dismissed

但當我們談論女性時

or aberrations to be ignored.

就把他們當作是例外

And finally,

或是被忽略的奇人

there is no society anywhere in all the world

最後

that is not changed

這個世界上沒有任何一個國家

except by its most exceptional.

沒有被那些

So why wouldn't we celebrate and elevate

最傑出的人事務所改變

these change makers and job creators

我們為何就不替這些

rather than overlook them?

創造就業的人鼓掌抬轎

This topic of resilience is very personal to me

反而要忽略她們呢？

and in many ways has shaped my life.

韌性這對我來說是非常切身的主題

My mom was a single mom

它從很多方面塑造了我的生活

who worked at the phone company during the day

我母親是一位單親媽媽

and sold Tupperware at night

她白天在電話公司工作

so that I could have every opportunity possible.

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