No, I'm just joking.

事前我就在詢問是否會有醫生在場。

It's interesting, because it was six years ago

當然，這只是開玩笑的。

when I was pregnant with my first child

我來告訴大家這一切是如何開始的。六年前，

that I discovered

當我懷了第一個寶寶時，

that the most commonly used preservative

我發現

in baby care products

嬰兒護理產品中

mimics estrogen

最常使用的防腐劑

when it gets into the human body.

進入人類身體後，

Now it's very easy actually

會成為一種類似雌激素的物質。

to get a chemical compound from products

事實上，產品中的各種化學物質，

into the human body through the skin.

很容易經由皮膚

And these preservatives had been found

進入人體。

in breast cancer tumors.

而乳癌腫瘤中

That was the start of my journey

也發現了這些防腐劑。

to make this film, "Toxic Baby."

於是我開始探索這個議題，

And it doesn't take much time

拍攝了電影"中毒的寶寶"，

to discover some really astonishing statistics

沒多久時間，

with this issue.

我發現了關於這方面，

One is that you and I all have

驚人的統計資料。

between 30 to 50,000 chemicals

其中之一是，不論是你們或我

in our bodies

有大約3萬到5萬種的化學物質

that our grandparents didn't have.

在身體裡面，

And many of these chemicals

這些化學物質是我們祖父母輩沒有的。

are now linked to the skyrocketing incidents

其中很多化學物質，

of chronic childhood disease

則和越來越多的慢性孩童疾病，

that we're seeing across industrialized nations.

脫不了關係。

I'll show you some statistics.

這在工業化國家已經是個顯見的事實。

So for example, in the United Kingdom,

我現在秀一些統計數據給大家看，

the incidence of childhood leukemia

舉例來說，在英國，

has risen by 20 percent just in a generation.

兒童白血病的案例，

Very similar statistic for childhood cancer in the U.S.

僅僅一個世代，已經增加了百分之二十，

In Canada, we're now looking at one in 10 Canadian children with asthma.

美國兒童癌症也呈現相似的統計數據。

That's a four-fold increase.

在加拿大，十分之一的兒童有氣喘症，

Again, similar story around the world.

比起上個世代，增加了四倍。

In the United States,

同樣的，類似的情形也發生在世界上其他地方。

probably the most astonishing statistic

在美國，

is a 600 percent increase

則出現了可能是最驚人的數據，

in autism and autistic spectrum disorders

患有自閉症，自閉症系列障礙

and other learning disabilities.

以及學習障礙的兒童，

Again, we're seeing that trend

增加了百分之六百。

across Europe, across North America.

當然，相同的趨勢也出現在

And in Europe,

整個歐洲，北美洲。

there's certain parts of Europe,

在歐洲，

where we're seeing a four-fold increase

某些地區，

in certain genital birth defects.

患有某種生殖器先天缺陷的兒童，

Interestingly, one of those birth defects

增加了四倍。

has seen a 200 percent increase in the U.S.

值得關注的是，其中一種先天性缺陷，

So a real skyrocketing

在美國增加了百分之兩百。

of chronic childhood disease

數量急劇上升的

that includes other things

慢性兒童疾病

like obesity and juvenile diabetes,

還包含了其它像是

premature puberty.

肥胖，少年糖尿病，

So it's interesting for me,

青春期早熟。

when I'm looking for someone who can really talk to me

而非常有趣的是，

and talk to an audience about these things,

當我試著要找到適合的人，可以對我和大眾

that probably one of the most important people in the world

談論這個主題，

who can discuss toxicity in babies

發現了世界上一個很重要，

is expert in frogs.

可以討論有毒物對嬰兒影響的人

(Laughter)

竟然是 研究青蛙的專家。

Tyrone Hayes: It was a surprise to me as well

(笑聲)

that I would be talking about pesticides,

我也很驚訝

that I'd be talking about public health,

我要談論農藥，

because, in fact, I never thought I would do anything useful.

談論大眾健康。

(Laughter)

因為我沒想過，我在做的事會對大家有幫助。

Frogs.

(笑聲)

In fact, my involvement in the whole pesticide issue

青蛙

was sort of a surprise as well

事實上，我也很訝異，

when I was approached by the largest chemical company in the world

我會參與農藥的研究。

and they asked me if I would evaluate

當時世界上最大的化學公司，

how atrazine affected amphibians, or my frogs.

要求我評估

It turns out, atrazine is the largest selling product

草脫淨農藥ATRAZINE對兩棲類動物或青蛙有什麼影響。

for the largest chemical company in the world.

ATRAZINE是世界上最大化學公司所出售

It's the number one contaminant

最暢銷的化學產品。

of groundwater, drinking water, rain water.

結果顯示，它是地下水，飲用水和雨水

In 2003, after my studies, it was banned in the European Union,

最大的污染源。

but in that same year,

2003年，歐盟開始禁止使用草脫淨農藥ATRAZINE。

the United States EPA re-registered the compound.

但是同一年，

We were a bit surprised when we found out

美國環境保護局卻重新註冊這個產品。

that when we exposed frogs

實驗結果非常的驚人，

to very low levels of atrazine -- 0.1 parts per billion --

我們發現，即使青蛙暴露在

that it produced animals that look like this.

非常低濃度(0.1ppb)的農藥中，

These are the dissected gonads of an animal

仍然會發生突變。

that has two testes, two ovaries,

這是青蛙的性腺解剖，

another large testis, more ovaries,

有兩個睾丸，兩個卵巢，

which is not normal ...

另一大睾丸，和許多個卵巢，

(Laughter)

當然，

even for amphibians.

這一點都不正常.....

In some cases, another species like the North American Leopard Frog

即使是兩棲類。

showed that males exposed to atrazine grew eggs in their testes.

其他類似的實驗，像是北美跳蛙，

And you can see these large, yolked-up eggs

當公青蛙暴露在農藥中，睾丸會排卵。

bursting through the surface of this male's testes.

你們可以看到這些大卵，

Now my wife tells me, and I'm sure Penelope can as well,

充滿擠壓整個睾丸表面。

that there's nothing more painful than childbirth --

我的老婆告訴我，我想潘尼洛普也會說同樣的話，

which that I'll never experience, I can't really argue that --

沒有任何的痛，比的上生小孩的痛。

but I would guess that a dozen chicken eggs in my testicle

因為我永遠沒辦法體驗這件事，所以也無法爭辯，

would probably be somewhere in the top five.

但是我想如果有許多雞蛋在我的睾丸內

(Laughter)

也許可以排的上

In recent studies that we've published,

痛苦指數前五名。

we've shown that some of these animals when they're exposed to atrazine,

最近公佈新的研究中顯示，

some of the males grow up

我們將動物暴露在農藥ATRAZINE中，

and completely become females.

某些種類雄性長大之後，

So these are actually two brothers consummating a relationship.

會完全變成雌性。

And not only do these genetic males mate with other males,

現在你們看到的這兩隻青蛙其實是親兄弟，

they actually have the capacity to lay eggs

這些雄性雌化的青蛙不只可以和其他雄蛙交配，

even though they're genetic males.

他們事實上也可以產卵，

What we proposed,

即使他們的基因是雄性。

and what we've now generated support for,

因此我們認為，

is that what atrazine is doing

且已經獲得證實，

is wreaking havoc causing a hormone imbalance.

因為ATRAZINE的破壞

Normally the testes should make testosterone,

造成動物體內荷爾蒙不平衡。

the male hormone.

正常狀況下，睪丸應該會產生睪丸酮

But what atrazine does is it turns on an enzyme,

一種男性荷爾蒙。

the machinery if you will, aromatase,

但是草脫淨農藥會活化某種酵素，

that converts testosterone into estrogen.

以化學反應機構來解釋，也就是某種芳香酶，

And as a result, these exposed males

將睪丸酮轉變為雌激素，

lose their testosterone, they're chemically castrated,

結果造成了這些雄性動物

and they're subsequently feminized

無法產生睪丸酮，被化學閹割了，

because now they're making the female hormone.

最終，雄性雌化，

Now this is what brought me to the human-related issues.

因為他們只有雌性荷爾蒙。

Because it turns out

現在我們回到人類的議題上，

that the number one cancer in women, breast cancer,

因為事實證明

is regulated by estrogen and by this enzyme aromatase.

女性的最主要的癌症威脅－乳癌

So when you develop a cancerous cell in your breast,

就是受到雌激素和這種芳香酶的影響，

aromatase converts androgens into estrogens,

所以當你有一個癌症細胞在乳房形成，

and that estrogen turns on or promotes

芳香酶將男性荷爾蒙轉變為雌激素，

the growth of that cancer

雌激素助長了

so that it turns into a tumor and spreads.

癌細胞的成長

In fact, this aromatase is so important in breast cancer

最終變成腫瘤並擴散。

that the latest treatment for breast cancer

事實上，這種芳香酶對乳癌的形成很關鍵。

is a chemical called letrozole,

在最新的乳癌治療法中，

which blocks aromatase, blocks estrogen,

有一種化學藥物-Letrozole，

so that if you developed a mutated cell, it doesn't grow into a tumor.

用來抑制芳香酶和雌激素，

Now what's interesting is, of course,

讓人體突變的細胞，不會增長成腫瘤。

that we're still using 80 million pounds of atrazine,

但是，值得注意的是，

the number one contaminant in drinking water, that does the opposite --

我們每年仍然使用高達八千萬磅的草脫淨農藥ATRAZINE，

turns on aromatase, increases estrogen

汙染了我們的飲用水，帶來很多問題，

and promotes tumors in rats

干擾動物荷爾蒙分泌，

and is associated with tumors, breast cancer, in humans.

刺激老鼠體內腫瘤形成，

What's interesting is, in fact,

也和人類乳癌的發生息息相關。

the same company that sold us 80 million pounds of atrazine,

而有趣的是，事實上，

the breast cancer promoter,

銷售八千萬磅農藥ATRAZINE

now sells us the blocker -- the exact same company.

造成乳癌患者增加的公司，

And so I find it interesting

同時也賣抑制腫瘤生長的藥物。

that instead of treating this disease

這真的很矛盾，

by preventing exposure to the chemicals that promote it,

我們對付疾病的方式，

we simply respond

應該是減少暴露在致病的化學品中，

by putting more chemicals into the environment.

而不是糊塗的

PJC: So speaking of estrogen,

讓更多的化學品污染環境。

one of the other compounds that Tyrone talks about in the film

說到雌激素，

is something called bisphenol A, BPA,

有另一種化學物質

which has been in the news recently.

酚甲烷，簡稱BPA

It's a plasticizer.

也就是最近新聞媒體中提及的

It's a compound that's found in polycarbonate plastic,

塑化劑。

which is what baby bottles are made out of.

它是聚碳酸酯塑膠中的某種化學物質，

And what's interesting about BPA

也是嬰兒奶瓶中含有的成分。

is that it's such a potent estrogen

值得注意的是，

that it was actually once considered for use

BPA具有雌激素的作用，

as a synthetic estrogen in hormone placement therapy.

因此曾經考慮用它

And there have been many, many, many studies that have shown

作為合成雌激素以補充荷爾蒙。

that BPA leaches from babies' bottles

很多很多的研究報告中證實，

into the formula, into the milk,

嬰兒奶瓶中的BPA

and therefore into the babies.

會滲透到奶粉，牛奶中，

So we're dosing our babies,

接著進入嬰兒體內。

our newborns, our infants,

這就像我們讓新生兒

with a synthetic estrogen.

服用

Now two weeks ago or so,

合成雌激素。

the European Union passed a law

大約兩星期前，

banning the use of BPA

歐盟通過法律，

in babies' bottles and sippy cups.

禁止在嬰兒奶瓶和幼兒學習杯

And for those of you who are not parents,

使用BPA。

sippy cups are those little plastic things

向不是父母親的人說明，

that your child graduates to after using bottles.

所謂的幼兒學習杯是一種塑膠容器，

But just two weeks before that,

嬰兒戒奶瓶之後的替代水壺。

the U.S. Senate refused to even debate

但是就在兩週前，

the banning of BPA

美國參議院甚至拒絕就

in babies' bottles and sippy cups.

是否禁用BPA在嬰兒奶瓶和水壺中，

So it really makes you realize

進行辯論。

the onus on parents

所以大家必須了解，

to have to look at this and regulate this and police this

這個驚人的真相。

in their own lives

且身為父母親有責任

and how astonishing that is.

在日常生活中去關注，去掌控，

(Video) PJC: With many plastic baby bottles

去監督這件事。

now proven to leak the chemical bisphenol A,

許許多多的嬰兒奶瓶，

it really shows how sometimes

已經證實會滲透出BPA，

it is only a parent's awareness

有時真的只能靠

that stands between chemicals and our children.

父母親的自覺，

The baby bottle scenario proves

保護我們的寶寶免於接觸有害化學物質。

that we can prevent unnecessary exposure.

從嬰兒奶瓶的例子可證明，

However, if we parents are unaware,

我們可以防止寶寶暴露於不必要的風險中。

we are leaving our children

然而，如果父母親過於疏忽，

to fend for themselves.

就是放任我們的孩子

TH: And what Penelope says here

獨力對抗化學物質。

is even more true.

潘尼洛普所說的

For those of you who don't know, we're in the middle of the sixth mass extinction.

非常正確。

Scientists agree now.

大部分人可能不知道，科學家認為

We are losing species from the Earth

人類正處於第六次物種毀滅期。

faster than the dinosaurs disappeared,

地球上現在物種消失的速度

and leading that loss are amphibians.

比恐龍滅亡還快。

80 percent of all amphibians

而其中最主要的就是兩棲類，

are threatened and in come decline.

80%的兩棲動物

And I believe, many scientists believe

生存受到威脅，數量大幅下降。

that pesticides are an important part of that decline.

科學家們相信，

In part, amphibians are good indicators and more sensitive

農藥的濫用是主要禍首之一。

because they don't have protection from contaminants in the water --

某種程度而言，兩棲類對環境很敏感，是很好的指標性生物

no eggshells, no membranes

因為兩棲類的卵沒有蛋殼和膜

and no placenta.

可以保護它在水中免受汙染物影響。

In fact, our invention -- by "our" I mean we mammals --

當然也沒有胎盤。

one of our big inventions was the placenta.

事實上，哺乳動物最重要的

But we also start out as aquatic organisms.

演化構造之一，就是胎盤。

But it turns out that this ancient structure

我們的生命同樣開始於液態，

that separates us from other animals, the placenta,

不過胎盤提供了我們不同於其他動物的安全環境。

cannot evolve or adapt fast enough

但是這個古老的構造，

because of the rate that we're generating new chemicals

現在卻無法提供足夠的防護。

that it's never seen before.

因為我們製造了太多新的化學產品，

The evidence of that is that studies in rats, again with atrazine,

是以前從未出現過。

show that the hormone imbalance atrazine generates causes abortion.

再一次用老鼠和農藥的實驗來說明，

Because maintaining a pregnancy is dependent on hormones.

農藥引發的荷爾蒙不平衡會導致流產。

Of those rats that don't abort,

因為懷孕就是靠荷爾蒙維持妊娠。

atrazine causes prostate disease

未流產生下的公鼠，

in the pups so the sons

也會受到農藥影響，

are born with an old man's disease.

幼獸一出生就患有前列腺疾病，

Of those that don't abort,

這種病一般是出現在較年長的公獸。

atrazine causes impaired mammary, or breast, development

未流產生下的母鼠，

in the exposed daughters in utero,

胚胎時期，

so that their breast don't develop properly.

在子宮內受到農藥的影響，

And as a result, when those rats grow up,

導致乳房或乳腺發育不完全。

their pups experience retarded growth and development

這些老鼠長大之後，

because they can't make enough milk to nourish their pups.

因為無法提供幼鼠足夠的母乳和營養，

So the pup you see on the bottom is affected by atrazine

導致他們的幼鼠智力發展受損。

that its grandmother was exposed to.

這些下層幼鼠因為他們的祖父母輩接觸了農藥ATRAZINE，

And given the life of many of these chemicals,

他們間接成為受害者。

generations, years, dozens of years,

這些有害的化學成分

that means that we right now

就這樣年復一年，代代相傳。

are affecting the health

這意味著，

of our grandchildren's grandchildren

我們現在加諸於環境的

by things that we're putting into the environment today.

各種汙染

And this is not just philosophical, it's already known,

會影響到我們的孫子、孫子的孫子。

that chemicals like diethylstilbestrol and estrogen,

這不是哲學概念，這是我們已經知道的事實。

PCBs, DDT

某些化學成分像是二乙烯二苯乙烯雌酚、雌激素

cross the placenta

多氯聯苯(PCBs)、雙對氯苯基三氯乙烷(DDT)

and effectively determine

透過胎盤

the likelihood of developing breast cancer

讓寶寶還在子宮內時，

and obesity and diabetes

就被影響，

already when the baby's in the womb.

有可能羅患乳癌、

In addition to that, after the baby's born,

肥胖或是糖尿病。

our other unique invention as mammals

除此之外，當嬰兒出生後，

is that we nourish our offspring after they're born.

我們哺乳類得天獨的演化，

We already know that chemicals

在於我們能哺育下一代。

like DDT and DES and atrazine

而這些已知的有害化學物質，

can also pass over into milk,

像是DDT、DES和 ATRAZINE

again, affecting our babies

在寶寶出生之後

even after their born.