is a very peculiar challenge,

在世界上發展中國家城市裡

because different from health

移動力是一個非常嚴峻的挑戰，

or education or housing,

因為它與健康、

it tends to get worse as societies become richer.

教育或住宅不同，

Clearly, a unsustainable model.

當社會越富有時，它反而變得更糟。

Mobility, as most other developing country problems,

顯然，這是一個不可持續的發展模式。

more than a matter of money or technology,

移動力，如同其他大多數 發展中國家所遇到的問題，

is a matter of equality, equity.

除了事關財富或科技，

The great inequality in developing countries

尤其與平等和公正更是相關。

makes it difficult to see, for example,

開發中國家不平等的程度大到

that in terms of transport,

讓我們很難看到，例如

an advanced city is not one

在交通上，

where even the poor use cars,

一個先進的城市與其說是

but rather one where even the rich

連窮人都開車的地方，

use public transport.

不如說是連富人

Or bicycles: For example, in Amsterdam,

都搭乘大眾運輸，或是騎自行車的地方。

more than 30 percent of the population

例如在阿姆斯特丹，

uses bicycles,

超過 30% 的人口

despite the fact that the Netherlands has

騎自行車，

a higher income per capita than the United States.

儘管荷蘭的人均所得

There is a conflict in developing world cities

比美國還高。

for money, for government investment.

發展中國家城市內部也有矛盾，

If more money is invested in highways,

為了錢，為了政府投資。

of course there is less money for housing,

如果投資較多錢在公路上，

for schools, for hospitals,

當然就會投資較少在住宅、

and also there is a conflict for space.

學校、醫院上，

There is a conflict for space between

同樣地，空間使用上也有矛盾。

those with cars and those without them.

矛盾出現在

Most of us accept today

那些有汽車和那些沒有汽車的人之間。

that private property and a market economy

今天大多數的人都接受

is the best way to manage most of society's resources.

私有財產與市場經濟

However, there is a problem with that,

是管理大多數社會資源的最好方式。

that market economy needs

然而，還有一個問題是

inequality of income in order to work.

市場經濟需要通過

Some people must make more money,

收入不平等來鼓勵人們工作。

some others less.

有些人必然會賺較多錢，

Some companies succeed. Others fail.

有些人則較少。

Then what kind of equality

有些公司興盛，有公司經營不善。

can we hope for today

那麼什麼樣的平等，

with a market economy?

是我們今天在市場經濟條件下

I would propose two kinds

所期待的？

which both have much to do with cities.

我在此提出兩種，

The first one is equality of quality of life,

這兩種都與城市有關。

especially for children,

第一點是生活品質的平等，

that all children should have,

特別是針對孩童，

beyond the obvious health and education,

所有的孩子都應該擁有

access to green spaces, to sports facilities,

除了顯而易見的健康和教育，

to swimming pools, to music lessons.

還能接觸自然環境、運動設施、

And the second kind of equality

游泳池和音樂課程。

is one which we could call "democratic equality."

我所說的第二種平等，

The first article in every constitution states

我們稱為「民主的平等」。

that all citizens are equal before the law.

每個國家憲法的第一條規定都是

That is not just poetry.

在法律之前人人平等。

It's a very powerful principle.

那不只是首詩歌，

For example, if that is true,

那是效力非常強大的準則。

a bus with 80 passengers

舉例來說，如果那是真的，

has a right to 80 times more road space

載有 80 名乘客的公車

than a car with one.

有權獲得比單人駕駛的小汽車

We have been so used to inequality, sometimes,

多 80 倍的道路空間。

that it's before our noses and we do not see it.

有時候我們太習慣不平等，

Less than 100 years ago,

它就在面前，我們看不到它。

women could not vote,

不到 100 年前，

and it seemed normal,

女性沒有投票權，

in the same way that it seems normal today

在過去顯得稀鬆平常，

to see a bus in traffic.

正如今天我們看到

In fact, when I became mayor,

一輛公共汽車處在擁擠的道路中。

applying that democratic principle

事實上，當我成為市長的時候，

that public good prevails over private interest,

基於民主原則，

that a bus with 100 people

即公共利益凌駕於個人利益之上，

has a right to 100 times more road space than a car,

因此一台載有 100 人的公車

we implemented a mass transit system

有權利比一台汽車 擁有 100 倍的用路空間，

based on buses in exclusive lanes.

我們推行的大眾運輸系統

We called it TransMilenio, in order to make buses sexier.

基於公車專用車道。

And one thing is that it is also a very beautiful democratic symbol, because as buses zoom by,

為了讓公車更吸引人一點， 我們稱之為「千禧快捷」(TransMilenio)。

expensive cars stuck in traffic,

而且它也是種非常美麗與民主的象徵， 因為當公車從旁駛過，

it clearly is almost a picture of democracy at work.

而昂貴房車深陷車陣中，

In fact, it's not just a matter of equity.

很明顯，這就是民主得到實現的畫面。

It doesn't take Ph.D.'s.

事實上，那不只是公正的問題，

A committee of 12-year-old children

那不需要哲學博士學位。

would find out in 20 minutes

一群 12 歲孩童

that the most efficient way to use scarce road space

在 20 分鐘內就能發現

is with exclusive lanes for buses.

使用有限道路空間的最有效方法

In fact, buses are not sexy,

就是使用公「車」專用道。

but they are the only possible means

事實上，公車並不迷人，

to bring mass transit to all areas

但是公車是唯一能夠

of fast growing developing cities.

將大眾運輸帶到快速發展城市中

They also have great capacity.

各個地區的方式。

For example, this system in Guangzhou

公車也有很大的載客量。

is moving more passengers our direction

例如，這系統在廣州

than all subway lines in China,

比中國所有的地鐵線路

except for one line in Beijing,

能運送更多的乘客，

at a fraction of the cost.

除了北京的一條地鐵線，

We fought not just for space for buses,

而花費只是九牛一毛。

but we fought for space for people,

我們不只是為公車的空間而戰，

and that was even more difficult.

我們也為人民的空間而戰，

Cities are human habitats,

而那更加艱難。

and we humans are pedestrians.

城市是人類的棲息地，

Just as fish need to swim or birds need to fly

而人類是步行者。

or deer need to run, we need to walk.

就像魚需要游泳、鳥需要飛翔、

There is a really enormous conflict,

或鹿需要奔跑，我們需要行走。

when we are talking about developing country cities,

這之中有一個非常大的衝突，

between pedestrians and cars.

當我們談到發展中國家的城市時，

Here, what you see is a picture that shows

衝突存在於行人與車輛之間。

insufficient democracy.

你看到的圖片顯示了

What this shows is that people who walk

不夠民主。

are third-class citizens

這顯示了行人

while those who go in cars

是三等公民，

are first-class citizens.

而那些開車的

In terms of transport infrastructure,

則是一等公民。

what really makes a difference

就公共運輸建設來說，

between advanced and backward cities

真正區別

is not highways or subways

進步與落後城市之間的要素，

but quality sidewalks.

不是公路或地鐵，

Here they made a flyover, probably very useless,

而是品質良好的人行道。

and they forgot to make a sidewalk.

他們在這做了一座天橋，大概沒什麼用處，

This is prevailing all over the world.

而且他們忘了做人行道。

Not even schoolchildren are more important than cars.

這在世界各地都很普遍。

In my city of Bogotá,

連學童都不比汽車重要。

we fought a very difficult battle

在我的城市波哥大，

in order to take space from cars,

我們打了艱難的一戰，

which had been parking on sidewalks for decades,

為了奪回汽車佔據的空間，

in order to make space for people that should reflect

數十年來汽車都停放在人行道上，

dignity of human beings,

為了替行人爭取空間，應該反應出

and to make space for protected bikeways.

人類的尊嚴，

First of all, I had black hair before that.

並爭取自行車道的空間。

(Laughter)

首先，我在那之前還是一頭黑髮。

And I was almost impeached in the process.

（笑聲）

It is a very difficult battle.

過程中我幾乎要被告了。

However, it was possible, finally,

這是場硬仗。

after very difficult battles, to make a city

然而最終還是能成真，

that would reflect some respect for human dignity,

在幾場硬仗後，能讓城市

that would show that those who walk are equally

展現出對人類尊嚴的敬意，

important to those who have cars.

展現出行人

Indeed, a very important ideological and political issue anywhere

與有車的人一樣重要。

is how to distribute that most valuable resource

確實，在各地都非常重要的意識與政治議題

of a city, which is road space.

即是如何分配城市中最有價值的資源，

A city could find oil or diamonds underground

那就是道路的空間。

and it would not be so valuable as road space.

一座城市可以在地下開採石油或鑽石，

How to distribute it between pedestrians,

但那都不像道路空間如此珍貴。

bicycles, public transport and cars?

如何將空間分配給路人、

This is not a technological issue,

自行車、大眾運輸和汽車？

and we should remember that in no constitution

這不是科技問題，

parking is a constitutional right

我們應該牢記，沒有一部憲法中明定

when we make that distribution.

停車是法定權利，

We also built, and this was 15 years ago,

在我們分配時應留意。

before there were bikeways in New York

我們也會建設，這是在 15 年前，

or in Paris or in London,

在自行車道出現在紐約、

it was a very difficult battle as well,

巴黎或倫敦之前，

more than 350 kilometers of protected bicycle ways.

那也是場硬仗，

I don't think protected bicycle ways

超過 350 公里的自行車專用道。

are a cute architectural feature.

我不認為自行車專用道

They are a right, just as sidewalks are,

是可愛的建築特色。

unless we believe that only those

那是一種權利，就像人行道，

with access to a motor vehicle

除非我們相信只有那些

have a right to safe mobility,

汽機車駕駛

without the risk of getting killed.

才擁有行車安全的權利，

And just as busways are,

沒有致命的風險。

protected bikeways also are

就像公車道一樣，

a powerful symbol of democracy,

自行車專用道

because they show that a citizen on a $30 bicycle

也是一種強而有力的民主象徵，

is equally important

因為那展現了騎 30 元自行車的市民

to one in a $30,000 car.

重要性等同於

And we are living in a unique moment in history.

開三萬元汽車的市民。

In the next 50 years, more than half of those cities

我們生活在歷史上的獨特時刻。

which will exist in the year 2060 will be built.

接下來 50 年將會建造

In many developing country cities,

2060 年時超過一半的城市。

more than 80 and 90 percent

在許多開發中國家的城市中，

of the city which will exist in 2060

2060 年時存在的城市中，

will be built over the next four or five decades.

80% 到 90% 以上

But this is not just a matter for developing country cities.

將會在未來的四、五十年間建設完成。

In the United States, for example,

但這不只和開發中國家的城市有關。

more than 70 million new homes

在美國，舉例來說，

must be built over the next 40 or 50 years.

超過七千萬戶新家

That's more than all the homes that today exist

得在接下來的四、五十年間建設完成。

in Britain, France and Canada put together.

那些房子的數量比現在

And I believe that our cities today

英國、法國和加拿大的所有房子還多。

have severe flaws,

我相信我們現在的城市

and that different, better ones could be built.

有嚴重的缺陷，

What is wrong with our cities today?

因此未來能建造不同且更好的房子。

Well, for example, if we tell any three-year-old child

當代的城市有什麼問題？

who is barely learning to speak

舉例來說，如果我們告訴任何一名三歲小孩，

in any city in the world today,

還不太會說話小孩，

"Watch out, a car,"

不管他身在世界的哪一個城市：

the child will jump in fright,

「小心，有車！」

and with a very good reason, because there are

那孩子會驚嚇地跳開，

more than 10,000 children who are killed

他們有很合理的因素，

by cars every year in the world.

因為世界上每年平均

We have had cities for 8,000 years,

都有超過一萬名孩童因車禍喪命。

and children could walk out of home and play.

城市已存在八千年之久，

In fact, only very recently,

而且孩童過去能出門玩耍。

towards 1900, there were no cars.

事實上，僅是在最近的

Cars have been here for really less than 100 years.

1900 年代，街上還沒有車子。

They completely changed cities.

車輛存在不到 100 年。

In 1900, for example,

車輛卻完全改變了城市。

nobody was killed by cars in the United States.

舉例來說，在 1900 年時，

Only 20 years later,

美國沒有人會因車禍喪命。

between 1920 and 1930,

僅僅 20 年後，

almost 200,000 people

在 1920 年和 1930 年間，

were killed by cars in the United States.

幾乎有 20 萬人

Only in 1925, almost 7,000 children

在美國因車禍喪命。

were killed by cars in the United States.

僅在 1925 年時，有將近 7,000 名孩童

So we could make different cities,

在美國因車禍喪命。

cities that will give more priority to human beings

因此，我們可以建造不同的城市，

than to cars, that will give more public space

城市能讓人類優先於汽車，

to human beings than to cars,

能讓人類比汽車擁有

cities which show great respect

更多公共空間，

for those most vulnerable citizens,

城市展現了至高的敬意

such as children or the elderly.

給那些最珍貴的市民，

I will propose to you a couple of ingredients

像是孩童或長者。

which I think would make cities much better,

我會提出一些良方給各位參考，

and it would be very simple to implement them

我相信能讓城市變得更好，

in the new cities which are only being created.

而且對正在建造的城市

Hundreds of kilometers of greenways

也簡單可行。

criss-crossing cities in all directions.

數百公里的綠道

Children will walk out of homes into safe spaces.

在城市中交錯、四通八達。

They could go for dozens of kilometers safely

孩童能走出家門，進入安全的空間。

without any risk in wonderful greenways,

他們可以安全地走上好幾公里路，

sort of bicycle highways,

沒有任何風險地走在美麗的綠道上，

and I would invite you to imagine the following:

有點像是自行車公路，

a city in which every other street would be

請想像這幅圖像：

a street only for pedestrians and bicycles.

城市中的每一條道路

In new cities which are going to be built,

都只供行人和自行車通行。

this would not be particularly difficult.

對即將建設的新城市來說，

When I was mayor of Bogotá,

這件事不太難。

in only three years, we were able to create

當我成為波哥大市長，

70 kilometers,

僅僅三年

in one of the most dense cities in the world,

我們就在世界上最繁忙的城市之中

of these bicycle highways.

建立了 70 公里的

And this changes the way people live,

自行車公路。

move, enjoy the city.

這改變了人們生活、

In this picture, you see in one of the very poor neighborhoods,

移動與在城市中享樂的方式。

we have a luxury pedestrian bicycle street,

在這幅圖像中，你在極貧困的街區中看到

and the cars still in the mud.

我們有豪華的行人與自行車街道，

Of course, I would love to pave this street for cars.

而車輛依然使用泥土路。

But what do we do first?

當然，我願意為車輛鋪路。

Ninety-nine percent of the people in those neighborhoods don't have cars.

但是，什麼是首要之急？

But you see, when a city is only being created,

那些街區之中有 99% 的居民沒有汽車。

it's very easy to incorporate

但是當一座城市正在建設時，

this kind of infrastructure.

要體現這種公共建設

Then the city grows around it.

十分容易。

And of course this is just a glimpse

那麼城市就會繞著它發展。

of something which could be much better

當然這只是讓我們窺探

if we just create it,

能做得更好的一件事，

and it changes the way of life.

如果我們如此建立城市

And the second ingredient, which would solve mobility,

就能改變生活方式。

that very difficult challenge in developing countries,

而第二個能解決行動力的良方，

in a very low-cost and simple way,

在開發中國家中難以突破，

would be to have hundreds of kilometers

成本很低、也容易實行，

of streets only for buses,

即是有數百公里的

buses and bicycles and pedestrians.

專用道

This would be, again, a very low-cost solution

供公車、自行車與行人專用。

if implemented from the start,

同樣地，這會是低成本的解決方式，

low cost, pleasant transit

如果從頭就實行，