A curious little invention is being talked about.

就在西元1800年

It's called a microscope.

有一個神奇的小裝置引起了眾人的關注

What it allows you to do

它就是顯微鏡

is see tiny little lifeforms

它的功用是

that are invisible to the naked eye.

讓你看見那些

Soon comes the medical discovery

肉眼看不到的生命形式

that many of these lifeforms are actually causes

很快在醫學上也發現

of terrible human diseases.

這些微小的生命形式也是造成

Imagine what happened to the society

許多可怕疾病的成因

when they realized

想像當時的社會發生什麼事

that an English mom in her teacup

當他們了解到

actually was drinking a monster soup,

一位拿著茶杯的英國婦女

not very far from here. This is from London.

實事上正在啜飲一杯致病怪獸湯

Fast forward 200 years.

這是在離這裡不遠的倫敦

We still have this monster soup around,

兩百年過後的現在

and it's taken hold in the developing countries

世界上依舊存在這些致病怪獸湯

around the tropical belt.

只不過喝著他們的人大部分在開發中國家

Just for malaria itself,

還有赤道地區

there are a million deaths a year,

就拿瘧疾來說

and more than a billion people

它一年造成了一百萬人死亡

that need to be tested because they are at risk

而這世界上有十億人

for different species of malarial infections.

因為高風險而需要被檢測

Now it's actually very simple to put a face

以應付不同種的瘧疾感染

to many of these monsters.

現在要辨認這些怪獸的身分

You take a stain, like acridine orange

其實非常簡單

or a fluorescent stain or Giemsa,

只要拿一個染劑，例如說吖啶橙

and a microscope, and you look at them.

螢光染劑或吉姆薩染液

They all have faces.

再搭配顯微鏡的話，你就會發現

Why is that so, that Alex in Kenya,

它們全都有自己特殊的面貌

Fatima in Bangladesh, Navjoot in Mumbai,

如果真是這樣的話 那為什麼住在肯亞的Alex

and Julie and Mary in Uganda still wait months

住在孟加拉的Fatima、來自孟買的Navjoot

to be able to diagnose why they are sick?

還有烏干達的Julie跟Mary 仍舊需要等上幾個月

And that's primarily because scalability

才能夠被診斷出他們染上了這個疾病？

of the diagnostics is completely out of reach.

這主要是因為對他們來說

And remember that number: one billion.

以顯微鏡作為診斷工具是完全不可能的

The problem lies with the microscope itself.

然後請記住這個數字：十億人

Even though the pinnacle of modern science,

這個問題主要是出自顯微鏡本身

research microscopes are not designed for field testing.

即使現在科學十分發達

Neither were they first designed

研究用顯微鏡並不是針對田野測試設計的

for diagnostics at all.

它們一開始也不是被設計

They are heavy, bulky, really hard to maintain,

拿來作為臨床診斷的工具

and cost a lot of money.

它們很重、占空間、難以維護

This picture is Mahatma Gandhi in the '40s

而且需要很多錢才能擁有一台

using the exact same setup that we actually use today

這張照片是40年代，甘地正在他的聚會所

for diagnosing T.B. in his ashram

用與現在完全相同的方式

in Sevagram in India.

在印度的塞瓦格蘭姆

Two of my students, Jim and James,

診斷結核桿菌的存在

traveled around India and Thailand,

我的兩個學生Jim和James

starting to think about this problem a lot.

他們遊歷了印度和泰國

We saw all kinds of donated equipment.

並開始思考了這個問題

We saw fungus growing on microscope lenses.

我們看了各式各項被捐贈去的器材

And we saw people who had a functional microscope

還有已經長出真菌的顯微鏡片

but just didn't know how to even turn it on.

我們也看見那些有一些人雖然有良好的顯微鏡

What grew out of that work and that trip

卻不知道該怎麼使用它

was actually the idea of what we call Foldscopes.

我們從那次旅途中滋生出一些想法

So what is a Foldscope?

我們把其命名為摺紙式顯微鏡

A Foldscope is a completely functional microscope,

什麼是摺紙式顯微鏡？

a platform for fluorescence, bright-field,

一個摺紙式顯微鏡 具有完整的功能的顯微鏡

polarization, projection,

它是一個能夠把光學及螢光顯微技術

all kinds of advanced microscopy

或是偏光顯微技術以及投影顯微法

built purely by folding paper.

還有其他所有先進的顯微技術

So, now you think, how is that possible?

用摺紙完全實現的平台

I'm going to show you some examples here,

你一定在想，這怎麼可能呢？

and we will run through some of them.

我要給你們看幾個例子

It starts with a single sheet of paper.

我們也會在這裡做一些示範

What you see here is all the possible components

從一張簡單的紙開始

to build a functional bright-field and fluorescence microscope.

你可以看到上面有各種可能的零件

So, there are three stages:

可以用來做出具功能的 亮視野顯微鏡以及螢光顯微鏡

There is the optical stage, the illumination stage

它有三個層級

and the mask-holding stage.

鏡片、光源

And there are micro optics at the bottom

還有固定樣本的地方

that's actually embedded in the paper itself.

而在底部有微型的鏡片

What you do is, you take it on,

它們就直接嵌在紙裡頭

and just like you are playing like a toy,

你唯一需要做的是，把零件取下來

which it is,

就像你在玩玩具那樣

I tab it off,

其實還真的蠻像的啦

and I break it off.

我沿著標示好的邊緣

This paper has no instructions and no languages.

把它取下來

There is a code, a color code embedded,

這張紙上沒有任何說明和語言

that tells you exactly how to fold that specific microscope.

取而代之的是一種附在上面的顏色密碼

When it's done, it looks something like this,

它會精準地告訴你 該如何組裝出一台顯微鏡

has all the functionalities of a standard microscope,

完成之後，你會拿到像這樣的東西

just like an XY stage,

它具有標準的顯微鏡所有的功能

a place where a sample slide could go,

像是一個XY平台，

for example right here.

一個可以放上玻片樣本的地方

We didn't want to change this,

像我手上這個

because this is the standard

我們不想改變製造樣本的方法

that's been optimized for over the years,

因為這方法是個很多年來

and many health workers are actually used to this.

已經被最佳化的標準

So this is what changes,

很多健康相關工作者 也已經習慣這種樣本

but the standard stains all remain the same

所以我們改變的是顯微鏡

for many different diseases.

不過所有染劑使用的方法還是一樣

You pop this in.

視是哪種疾病而定

There is an XY stage,

你把它放進來

and then there is a focusing stage,

固定在XY平台上，

which is a flexure mechanism

之後有一個可以讓你聚焦的功能

that's built in paper itself that allows us to move

它是內建在紙本身的彎曲機制

and focus the lenses by micron steps.

能夠讓我們以微米的等級

So what's really interesting about this object,

去移動鏡片並讓鏡片聚焦

and my students hate when I do this,

這個產品最有趣的地方就在於

but I'm going to do this anyway,

我的學生討厭我這樣

is these are rugged devices.

不過我還是要做

I can turn it on and throw it on the floor

這些顯微鏡十分耐用

and really try to stomp on it.

我可以啟動它並把它扔在地上

And they last, even though they're designed

然後狠狠的踩

from a very flexible material, like paper.

即使他們是用像紙一般 有彈性的材料做成

Another fun fact is, this is what we actually

在我踩完之後，它們的功能還是能夠完好如初

send out there as a standard diagnostic tool,

另一個有趣的事實是，我手上的是

but here in this envelope

我們送出去用來診斷的標準工具

I have 30 different foldscopes

但是單單在這個資料夾裡

of different configurations all in a single folder.

我就有30種不同的摺紙式顯微鏡

And I'm going to pick one randomly.

每一個都有自己獨特的設計

This one, it turns out, is actually designed

讓我隨機挑一個

specifically for malaria,

這個，事實上

because it has the fluorescent filters built

就是專門為了瘧疾設計的

specifically for diagnosing malaria.

因為它有特殊的螢光濾鏡

So the idea of very specific diagnostic microscopes

可以用來診斷瘧疾

comes out of this.

針對不同疾病設計顯微鏡的點子

So up till now, you didn't actually see

就是來自這裡

what I would see from one of these setups.

直到現在，你們都還沒機會看到

So what I would like to do is,

我用已經組裝好的顯微鏡看到的東西

if we could dim the lights, please,

所以接下來我要示範一下

it turns out foldscopes are also projection microscopes.

請把燈光調暗

I have these two microscopes that I'm going to turn --

這些摺紙式顯微鏡 也具有投影顯微鏡的功能

go to the back of the wall --

我手上有兩副顯微鏡，我要把它們

and just project, and this way you will see

面對後面的牆壁

exactly what I would see.

然後把我能夠看到的東西投影出來

What you're looking at --

這樣你們就知道它的功能

(Applause) —

你們現在看著的是

This is a cross-section of a compound eye,

（掌聲）

and when I'm going to zoom in closer, right there,

這是一個複眼的的剖面

I am going through the z-axis.

而當我要讓成像放大的時候

You actually see how the lenses are cut together

我可以通過Z軸來調整

in the cross-section pattern.

你完全可以從這剖面

Another example, one of my favorite insects,

看見這些水晶體是如何被切下來的

I love to hate this one,

另一個例子來自我最喜歡的昆蟲

is a mosquito,

我最喜歡咒罵的昆蟲

and you're seeing the antenna of a culex pipiens.

也就是蚊子

Right there.

你現在看到的是尖音庫蚊的觸角

All from the simple setup that I actually described.

就在那邊

So my wife has been field testing

你能夠用我剛剛講的 簡單裝置看到所有的細節

some of our microscopes

對了，經過我妻子的實地測試

by washing my clothes whenever I forget them

也就是把我忘在衣服口袋的摺疊顯微鏡

in the dryer.

連同髒衣服一起拿去洗

So it turns out they're waterproof, and --

烘乾完之後

(Laughter) —

我們發現它們可以防水

right here is just fluorescent water,

（笑聲）

and I don't know if you can actually see this.

這裡有一杯單純的螢光水

This also shows you how the projection scope works.

我不知道你們看不看的見

You get to see the beam the way it's projected and bent.

不過你可以從這看出投影鏡片是如何運作的

Can we get the lights back on again?

你可以看光束被投射以及彎曲的情形

So I'm quickly going to show you,

可以再把燈打開嗎？

since I'm running out of time,

因為時間快用完了

in terms of how much it costs for us to manufacture,

接著我要很快的讓你們看看

the biggest idea was roll-to-roll manufacturing,

我們需要花多少成本來製造這些

so we built this out of 50 cents of parts and costs.

我們最大的想法是採用連續捲軸式製造

(Applause)

所以可以用50美分就製造出了這個

And what this allows us to do

（掌聲）

is to think about a new paradigm in microscopy,

而這樣的成本讓我們可以

which we call use-and-throw microscopy.

想出顯微鏡的新應用範例

I'm going to give you a quick snapshot

也就是可拋式顯微鏡

of some of the parts that go in.

我要給你一個快速的寫照

Here is a sheet of paper.

讓你們知道上面的零件有哪些

This is when we were thinking about the idea.

這裡有一張紙

This is an A4 sheet of paper.

這是我們在思考這個想法的時候畫的

These are the three stages that you actually see.

這是一張A4大小的紙

And the optical components, if you look at the inset up on the right,

你可以親眼看到三個層級

we had to figure out a way to manufacture lenses

如果你把注意力放在右上中間 可以看到光學元件

in paper itself at really high throughputs,

我們不得不想出辦法

so it uses a process of self-assembly

在紙上以高產率來製造鏡片

and surface tension

因此，它利用一個自動組裝的製程

to build achromatic lenses in the paper itself.

和表面張力

So that's where the lenses go.

在紙上生產出無色的鏡片

There are some light sources.

那就是鏡片在的地方

And essentially, in the end,

還有光源

all the parts line up because of origami,

最後這些零件不得不排列整齊

because of the fact that origami allows us

這樣才能符合摺紙的形式

micron-scale precision of optical alignment.

因為摺紙能夠讓我們

So even though this looks like a simple toy,

以微米的精準度來做光學校正

the aspects of engineering that go in

所以即使這看起來像一個簡單的玩具

something like this are fairly sophisticated.

在裡面蘊含的工程技術

So here is another obvious thing that we would do,

也是相當複雜的

typically, if I was going to show

另外還有一件我們不得不做的事情

that these microscopes are robust,

基本上，如果我要告訴你們

is go to the third floor and drop it from the floor itself.

這些顯微鏡十分耐用

There it is, and it survives.

我們要從三樓把它們丟下去

So for us, the next step actually

就像這樣，而且它還完好如初

is really finishing our field trials.

所以對我們來說，下一步行動

We are starting at the end of the summer.

就是完成田野的實地測試

We are at a stage where we'll be making thousands of microscopes.

我們將從今年夏末開始

That would be the first time where we would be

我們正在製造上千個顯微鏡

doing field trials with the highest density

這將會是我們第一次

of microscopes ever at a given place.

讓一個地方擁有最高的顯微鏡普及率

We've started collecting data for malaria,

並做實際測試

Chagas disease and giardia from patients themselves.

我們已經開始從病患那收集有關瘧疾

And I want to leave you with this picture.

美洲錐蟲症和梨形鞭毛蟲症的數據

I had not anticipated this before,

而我希望能夠讓你們看見

but a really interesting link

雖然我以前從沒想過

between hands-on science education

那就是動手作的科學教育

and global health.

以及全球健康問題

What are the tools that we're actually providing

之間的有趣聯繫

the kids who are going to fight

在未來，我們該給那些

this monster soup for tomorrow?

正在對抗致病怪獸湯的孩子們

I would love for them to be able to just print out

什麼樣的工具呢?

a Foldscope and carry them around in their pockets.

我希望他們能夠 直接列印出一個摺紙式顯微鏡

Thank you.

並放在口袋中隨身攜帶

(Applause)

謝謝