Our ancestors created these hand axes 1.5 million years ago,

我們因工具而進化， 工具因我們而演進。

shaping them to not only fit the task at hand

我們的祖先在 150 萬年前 創造了這些手斧，

but also their hand.

它們的塑形不僅適合工作本身，

However, over the years,

也適合使用它的「手」。

tools have become more and more specialized.

然而，多年來，

These sculpting tools have evolved through their use,

工具越來越專業。

and each one has a different form which matches its function.

這些雕刻工具隨著 它們的使用而發展，

And they leverage the dexterity of our hands

而且，針對不同的功能， 每一個都有不同的形狀。

in order to manipulate things with much more precision.

充分的發揮我們手的靈巧性，

But as tools have become more and more complex,

使得操控任務時，能達到 更高的精確度。

we need more complex controls to control them.

但隨著工具變得 越來越複雜，

And so designers have become very adept at creating interfaces

我們需要更複雜的 操控機制來控制它們。

that allow you to manipulate parameters while you're attending to other things,

因此，設計者更加擅長建立使用者介面

such as taking a photograph and changing the focus

當你參與不同場合時 允許你調整參數。

or the aperture.

譬如拍照， 改變焦距

But the computer has fundamentally changed the way we think about tools

或光圈。

because computation is dynamic.

然而，電腦從根本上 改變了我們對工具的看法。

So it can do a million different things

因為計算學是強而有力的，

and run a million different applications.

所以，它可以做 1百萬種不同的事，

However, computers have the same static physical form

並執行1百萬個不同的應用程式。

for all of these different applications

然而，對不同的應用程式來說，

and the same static interface elements as well.

電腦都提供相同的實體形式

And I believe that this is fundamentally a problem,

和相同不變的介面元素。

because it doesn't really allow us to interact with our hands

而且我相信，這會是 根本性的一個問題是。

and capture the rich dexterity that we have in our bodies.

因為這些介面元素不是 真的可以和我們雙手互動，

And my belief is that, then, we must need new types of interfaces

以展現出我們身體擁有 豐富的充靈巧性。

that can capture these rich abilities that we have

而我的信念是，那麼我們 必須開發新類型的介面。

and that can physically adapt to us

可以充分展現我們 所擁有的豐富能力。

and allow us to interact in new ways.

而且，是可以為我們 動態調整的「實體」，

And so that's what I've been doing at the MIT Media Lab

讓我們以新的方式和它互動。

and now at Stanford.

所以這就是我在麻省理工學院 媒體實驗室一直在做的事，

So with my colleagues, Daniel Leithinger and Hiroshi Ishii,

現在則在史丹佛大學。

we created inFORM,

因此，與我的同事， 丹尼爾和石井浩，

where the interface can actually come off the screen

我們開發了inFORM介面，

and you can physically manipulate it.

這介面，實際上可以從 「屏幕」中跳脫出來，

Or you can visualize 3D information physically

你可以採用「實體」的形態來操控它。

and touch it and feel it to understand it in new ways.

或者，你可以看到電腦3D資訊 以「實體」的型態來呈現。

Or you can interact through gestures and direct deformations

可以觸摸它、感覺它， 以新的方式了解它。

to sculpt digital clay.

或者，你可以透過 手勢的互動，指揮變形，

Or interface elements can arise out of the surface

當成「數位化粘土」來玩雕刻，

and change on demand.

或是展現「從表面浮出」 的人機介面元素，

And the idea is that for each individual application,

都可隨指令而改變。

the physical form can be matched to the application.

這個想法是，對於 每支應用程式，

And I believe this represents a new way

都有其「實體」形態可配合。

that we can interact with information,

我相信這是我們將電腦訊息

by making it physical.

「實體」化後

So the question is, how can we use this?

與其互動的一個新方法

Traditionally, urban planners and architects build physical models

所以，問題是，我們如何使用呢？

of cities and buildings to better understand them.

傳統上，都市規劃者與建築師 會建立城市和建物的「實體」模型，

So with Tony Tang at the Media Lab, we created an interface built on inFORM

以便更加了解他們的設計與規劃。

to allow urban planners to design and view entire cities.

所以，我與東尼．唐，我們在媒體實驗室， 建立了 inFORM 介面。

And now you can walk around it, but it's dynamic, it's physical,

讓都市規劃者用它來設計， 並觀看整個城市面貌。

and you can also interact directly.

現在，你可以四處走動， 它是動態的、它是「實體」的，

Or you can look at different views,

你也可以直接和它互動。

such as population or traffic information,

或者，你可以看看 不同瀏覽模式，

but it's made physical.

譬如居民人數、或交通資訊，

We also believe that these dynamic shape displays can really change

但它卻是以「實體」來呈現。

the ways that we remotely collaborate with people.

我們也相信，這些 動態外形的顯示真的可以

So when we're working together in person,

改變我們以遠距離的方式 與人合力執行任務的方式。

I'm not only looking at your face

當我們與人實際接觸一起工作時，

but I'm also gesturing and manipulating objects,

我不是只盯著你的臉

and that's really hard to do when you're using tools like Skype.

我還與你比手勢， 同時操控物件，

And so using inFORM, you can reach out from the screen

這種工作方式 很難以 Skype 工具來取代。

and manipulate things at a distance.

然而使用 inFORM 介面， 你可以從屏幕伸出你的「手」

So we used the pins of the display to represent people's hands,

去操控遠方的物件。

allowing them to actually touch and manipulate objects at a distance.

因此，我們使用的顯示器 上的「圖針」來代替我們的手，

And you can also manipulate and collaborate on 3D data sets as well,

使他們能夠實際接觸物件， 並且以遠距離的方式來操控物件。

so you can gesture around them as well as manipulate them.

而且你還可以操控和與人合力 處理三維空間的資料，

And that allows people to collaborate on these new types of 3D information

所以你可以在周圍比手勢 以及操控它們。

in a richer way than might be possible with traditional tools.

這使人們能夠和人合力 處理三維空間的資料，

And so you can also bring in existing objects,

這比使用傳統工具的 處理方式更為豐富。

and those will be captured on one side and transmitted to the other.

所以，你也可以把現有物件帶入，

Or you can have an object that's linked between two places,

讓另一方捕捉， 再傳送到對方。

so as I move a ball on one side,

或者，你可以擁有 一個「連結兩方」的物件：

the ball moves on the other as well.

所以當我在一側移動一個球時，

And so we do this by capturing the remote user

另一側的球也是會跟著動。

using a depth-sensing camera like a Microsoft Kinect.

我們利用深度感應攝影機 捕獲遠程使用者的動作，

Now, you might be wondering how does this all work,

就像微軟Kinect。(time calibration because of merge and sequence)

and essentially, what it is, is 900 linear actuators

現在，你可能想知道 這一切是如何運作。

that are connected to these mechanical linkages

基本上，它是900個「線性傳動器」

that allow motion down here to be propagated in these pins above.

連接到這些「機械聯動裝置」，

So it's not that complex compared to what's going on at CERN,

讓底下產生的運動 傳遞到上面的「圖針」。

but it did take a long time for us to build it.

並非像CERN協會的 核子研究那麼複雜，

And so we started with a single motor,

但是要打造它，確實相當費時。

a single linear actuator,

於是我們開始使用單一馬達、

and then we had to design a custom circuit board to control them.

單一線性傳動器，

And then we had to make a lot of them.

然後我們必須訂製設計 「線路框」來控制它們。

And so the problem with having 900 of something

我們必須製造很多套，

is that you have to do every step 900 times.

要製造900 多套的問題是

And so that meant that we had a lot of work to do.

每一步驟必須執行900 多次。

So we sort of set up a mini-sweatshop in the Media Lab

這意味著我們有 大量的工作要做。

and brought undergrads in and convinced them to do "research" --

所以，有點像是在媒體實驗室 設立了迷你血汗工廠，

(Laughter)

招募大學在校生， 說服他們做「研究」 。

and had late nights watching movies, eating pizza

（笑聲）

and screwing in thousands of screws.

深夜有電影可看，有披薩可吃，

You know -- research.

但你得鎖上成千上萬的螺絲。

(Laughter)

你知道的 - 「研究」。

But anyway, I think that we were really excited by the things

（笑聲）

that inFORM allowed us to do.

但無論如何，我認為我們 興奮的事是

Increasingly, we're using mobile devices, and we interact on the go.

inFORM 介面技術 可以做到很多事情。

But mobile devices, just like computers,

我們可應用在更多「隨身攜帶」的 的行動裝置，與之互動。

are used for so many different applications.

但是，行動裝置，像是電腦，

So you use them to talk on the phone,

可以用在許多不同的應用程式。

to surf the web, to play games, to take pictures

所以，你用它們來講電話、

or even a million different things.

上網、玩遊戲、拍照，

But again, they have the same static physical form

近上百萬種不同的事情。

for each of these applications.

但是，對於這些應用程式，

And so we wanted to know how can we take some of the same interactions

它們仍然具有相同的實體形式。

that we developed for inFORM

因此，我們想知道如何

and bring them to mobile devices.

將我們開發的 inFORM 互動介面

So at Stanford, we created this haptic edge display,

應用於行動裝置上。

which is a mobile device with an array of linear actuators

因此，在史丹佛大學， 我們建立「觸感邊緣顯示器」，

that can change shape,

它是一個搭配「線性傳動器」 的陣列行動裝置，

so you can feel in your hand where you are as you're reading a book.

可改變形狀，

Or you can feel in your pocket new types of tactile sensations

你可以在手中感覺到它的變化， 因而知道書閱讀至何處。

that are richer than the vibration.

或者；你可以從口袋 感受到新觸感，

Or buttons can emerge from the side that allow you to interact

這些會比「振動」更豐富。

where you want them to be.

或從側面出現按鈕，

Or you can play games and have actual buttons.

出現在你要的位置， 讓你與之互動。

And so we were able to do this

或者，讓你在玩遊戲時 有真實的按鈕可按。

by embedding 40 small, tiny linear actuators inside the device,

因此，我們能夠做到這一點：

and that allow you not only to touch them

在裝置內部嵌入 40個微小「線性驅動器」，

but also back-drive them as well.

讓你不僅僅可以觸摸他們，

But we've also looked at other ways to create more complex shape change.

還可以把它們收攏。

So we've used pneumatic actuation to create a morphing device

但我們也想看看其它 建立更複雜的形狀變化。

where you can go from something that looks a lot like a phone ...

我們採用氣動式傳動器 建立一個變形裝置，

to a wristband on the go.

它一開始看起來可以像一支電話...

And so together with Ken Nakagaki at the Media Lab,

變成隨身的腕帶。

we created this new high-resolution version

所以，我與肯中垣 在媒體實驗室

that uses an array of servomotors to change from interactive wristband

建立這個「高解析度」版本，

to a touch-input device

使用一些伺服馬達， 改變了不只是互動式腕帶，

to a phone.

還有其他如觸摸式輸入裝置、

(Laughter)

電話...等。

And we're also interested in looking at ways

（笑聲）

that users can actually deform the interfaces

而且我們也有興趣地尋找

to shape them into the devices that they want to use.

使用者在實際應用上 可以隨意變形的方法，

So you can make something like a game controller,

可以塑造成他們要的使用裝置。

and then the system will understand what shape it's in

所以，你可以把它變成遊戲操控器，

and change to that mode.

然後系統偵到測目前 是處於什麼形狀，

So, where does this point?

就切換到該模式。

How do we move forward from here?

那麼，我們該如何定位？

I think, really, where we are today

又該如何由此更加進步？

is in this new age of the Internet of Things,

我覺得今天處在

where we have computers everywhere --

物聯網的新時代，

they're in our pockets, they're in our walls,

一個電腦無所不在的時代。

they're in almost every device that you'll buy in the next five years.

他們在我們的口袋裡、 他們在我們的牆壁、

But what if we stopped thinking about devices

他們幾乎存在於未來五年內 你會購買的每一個裝置裡。

and think instead about environments?

但是，如果我們停止思考裝置，

And so how can we have smart furniture

先回頭想想環境呢？

or smart rooms or smart environments

那，我們如何才能擁有智能家具、

or cities that can adapt to us physically,

智能房間 或 智能環境

and allow us to do new ways of collaborating with people

或者「實體」上可以隨時被我們調整的城市，

and doing new types of tasks?

找到與人合作的新方法

So for the Milan Design Week, we created TRANSFORM,

執行新類型的任務？

which is an interactive table-scale version of these shape displays,

所以在米蘭設計週， 我們建立了 《蛻變》 TRANSFORM，

which can move physical objects on the surface; for example,

這是一個桌面互動的 「模形顯示器」版本，

reminding you to take your keys.

可在表面上移動 實體物件，例如：

But it can also transform to fit different ways of interacting.

提醒你攜帶鑰匙。

So if you want to work,

但它也可以變形以調整 不同互動模式。

then it can change to sort of set up your work system.

所以，如果你要工作了，

And so as you bring a device over,

那麼，它可以改變成 你想要的工作環境。

it creates all the affordances you need

只要把設備帶過來，

and brings other objects to help you accomplish those goals.

它建立所有你需要的預設用途，

So, in conclusion,

並帶來其他物件 幫你實現這些目的。

I really think that we need to think about a new, fundamentally different way

總而言之

of interacting with computers.

我真的認為需要思考一下， 一個嶄新的、從根本上改變的

We need computers that can physically adapt to us

人和電腦互動的方法。

and adapt to the ways that we want to use them

我們需要電腦可以在「實體」上 隨時配合我們調整，

and really harness the rich dexterity that we have of our hands,

調整成我們想使用的方式，

and our ability to think spatially about information by making it physical.

真正充分利用我們 手的豐富靈巧性，

But looking forward, I think we need to go beyond this, beyond devices,

並且我們有能力透過 「實體」化的呈現，來思考空間資訊。

to really think about new ways that we can bring people together,

但是，期待未來，我認為 我們可以超越這個裝置技術，

and bring our information into the world,

認真思考如何 結合所有人的力量，

and think about smart environments that can adapt to us physically.

並把我們的資訊 帶入這個世界，

So with that, I will leave you.

想想智能環境，可以 隨時配合我們調整。

Thank you very much.

基於上述，後續發展我將留給各位

(Applause)

非常感謝大家。