can be solved with simple techniques,

在我們這個時代最複雜的問題

if we are able to dream.

卻能用簡單的技術解決，

As a child, I discovered that creativity is the key

如果我們敢於逐夢的話。

to cross from dreams to reality.

小時候，我發現創造力是 跨越夢想與現實的關鍵。

I learned this from my grandmother,

我從我的祖母（Ruth Tichauer 醫師）學到這點，

Dr. Ruth Tichauer,

她是位猶太難民， 定居在安第斯山脈中心地帶。

a Jewish refugee that settled in the heart of the Andes.

那正是我長大的方式，

That is how I grew up:

被鼓勵去觀察超越任何限制的事物。

encouraged to see beyond any limitation.

所以我受到的教育的一部分就是

So part of my education included helping her

在偏遠的原住民社區裡協助她。

in remote, indigenous communities.

我珍惜那些記憶，

I cherish those memories,

因為它們幫助我了解城市以外的生活，

because they helped me to understand life outside the city,

一種具有多種可能性的生活，

a life with a lot of possibilities,

沒有障礙，例如在語言或文化方面。

without barriers, as language or culture.

在那些旅程中， 我的祖母常常朗誦吉卜林的詩：

During those trips, my grandmother used to recite a Kipling poem:

「去找。找那些被藏起之物。

"Something hidden. Go and find it.

快，到山的後面找。

Go and look behind the Mountains.

在山後，那些丟失之物，

Something lost behind the mountains.

在遺失中正等待著你。去吧！」

Lost and waiting for you. Go!"

在之後的數年，我成為一個醫學生。

In the coming years, I became a medical student.

全世界每一百個出生的小孩之中

One of every hundred children born worldwide

就有一位有某種心臟病。

has some kind of heart disease.

我想我能解決這問題的其中一部份 ──

There's a part of this problem I think I can solve --

這部分我已花費我的一生不斷鑽研。

the part of this problem I have spent my life working on.

這問題是開始於懷孕期間，

The problem starts

胎兒需要在母體內生存，

during pregnancy.

存活則仰賴體循環與肺循環間血液的交流。

The fetus needs to survive inside the mother.

而在出生時，

Survival depends on communication

這種交流必須停止。

between the systemic and the pulmonary blood.

假如沒有關閉， 嬰兒的心臟就會有一個通孔。

At the moment of birth,

這是因早產及基因異常造成的，

this communication needs to stop.

但現今我們知道的是

If it doesn't close, the baby has a hole in the heart.

缺少氧氣也是原因之一。

It is caused by prematurity and genetic conditions.

在這圖表中你可看到，

But what we know today

這種心臟通孔的發生率

is that a lack of oxygen is also one of the causes.

隨著海拔高度的增長而急劇增加。

As you can see in the chart,

影片：（嬰兒哭聲）。

the frequency of this kind of hole

當你看到這種狀況的病人，

dramatically increases with altitude.

他們似乎拼命地呼吸。

Video: (Baby crying)

要關閉這通孔， 動大手術是過去唯一的治療方法。

When you look at patients with this condition,

有天晚上，我的朋友 Malte 和我 在亞馬遜地區露營，

they seem desperate to breathe.

唯一無法在營火裡燃燒的 是一枝牛油果的嫩枝。

To close the hole, major surgery used to be the only solution.

接著我們靈感泉湧，

One night, my friend Malte, were camping in the Amazon region.

所以我們用樹枝 作為我們首次發明的模型。

The only thing that would not burn in the fire was a green avocado branch.

小孩心臟的通孔可以用它將之關閉。

Then came a moment of inspiration.

線圈是由一條金屬絲自我盤繞而成。

So we used the branch as a mold for our first invention.

現在你看它也許不怎麼起眼，

The holes in children's hearts can be closed with it.

但那是我們第一次成功的嘗試，

A coil is a piece of wire wrapped onto itself.

為這重大問題製造出一個裝置。

It maybe doesn't look so fancy to you now,

在這影片中， 我們可看到一條極細的導管

but that was our first successful attempt

如何將線圈帶到心臟，

to create a device for this major problem.

然後線圈將通孔關閉。

In this video, we can see how a very tiny catheter

在那靈感啟發後，

takes the coil to the heart.

經過一段非常長時間的努力，

The coil then closes the hole.

研發出這種裝置的雛形。

After that moment of inspiration,

在實驗室裡，花費數千個小時 作生物體外與體內的研究；

there came a very long time of effort

如果成功，這線圈能挽救無數生命。

developing a prototype.

我從德國返回玻利維亞，

In vitro and in vivo studies took thousands of hours of work in the lab.

心想：無論到哪裡

The coil, if it works, can save lives.

我們都有機會有所作為。

I returned from Germany to Bolivia,

我與我的妻子，也是同事 （Alexandra Heath 醫師）

thinking that wherever we go,

開始訪視病人。

we have the opportunity to make a difference.

使用我們的線圈成功治療病人之後，

With my wife and partner, Dr. Alexandra Heath,

我們真的感到滿腔熱忱。

we started to see patients.

但我們住在海拔 12,000 英尺的地方，

After successfully treating patients with our coil,

而且，

we felt really enthusiastic.

那裡的病人需要一種特殊的裝置 來解決他們心臟的狀況。

But we live in a place

在高海拔病人的心臟通孔是不同的，

that is 12,000 feet high.

因為動脈間的開口比較大。

And,

大部份病人付不起費用， 無法及時接受治療，

the patients there need a special device to solve their heart condition.

因而死亡了。

The hole in altitude patients is different,

在玻利維亞，最初的線圈 只能成功地治療一半的病人。

because the orifice between the arteries is larger.

研究再度展開，

Most patients cannot afford to be treated on time,

我們重新返回設計階段，

and they die.

經過許多試驗，

The first coil could successfully treat

在我祖母的山區原住民朋友協助下，

only half of the patients in Bolivia.

我們做了一種新的裝置。

The search started again.

數世紀以來，原住民婦女藉著 在織布機上編織複雜圖案述說故事，

We went back to the drawing board.

而這種意料之外的技巧 幫助了我們的新裝置。

After many trials,

我們採用這種傳統編織法，

and with the help of my grandmother's indigenous friends in the mountains,

利用一種可記憶自身形狀的 智慧型材質完成了設計。

we obtained a new device.

此次，

For centuries, indigenous women told stories by weaving complex patterns

似乎編織法讓我們設計出 一種無瑕疵的裝置，

on looms,

它不會生鏽，

and an unexpected skill helped us for the new device.

因為它僅由一條金屬絲做成。

We take this traditional method of weaving

它能自己變形成為非常複雜的結構，

and make a design made by a smart material

這過程花了數十年的研發，

that records shape.

正如你們所看到的， 這裝置經由血液流動的通道進入人體。

It seems this time,

醫師只須將導管跨過通孔，

the weaving allows us to create a seamless device

裝置會自行展開，它會自己擺好位置，

that doesn't rust

而後關閉心臟的通孔。

because it's made of only one piece.

我們有這完美的置放系統，

It can change by itself into very complex structures

使用非常簡單，

by a procedure that took decades to develop.

因為它自己就能發揮作用。

As you can see, the device enters the body

不再需要開心手術了！

through the natural channels.

（掌聲）

Doctors have only to close the catheter through the hole.

身為醫師，我們鍥而不捨地與痼疾作戰 ── 假如它們可治癒的話。

Our device expands, places itself

這是先前的那個小孩，

and closes the hole.

經過治療以後的樣子。

We have this beautiful delivery system

正如你所看到的——

that is so simple to use

（掌聲）

because it works by itself.

正如你所看到，一旦裝置植入，

No open surgery was necessary.

病人 100% 完全痊癒。

(Applause)

從開始至結束，

As doctors, we fight with diseases

整個過程只花 30 分鐘。

that take a long time and effort to heal -- if they do.

從醫療以及常人的觀點來看， 那是非常值得的。

This is the child from before,

我們感到自豪的是 一些我們以前的病人

after the procedure.

加入我們的團隊，

As you can see --

這個團隊歸功於 和我們一起工作的病人所附加的緊密互動。

(Applause)

我們只有一個共同的信念：

As you can see, once the device is in place,

最佳解決方案必須很簡潔。

the patient is 100 percent healed.

我們不再畏懼創造新型式。

From start to finish,

這路不容易走，

the whole procedure takes only 30 minutes.

許多障礙一直出現；

That's very rewarding from the medical and human point of view.

但我們從病人得到力量，

We are so proud that some of our former patients

他們的適應能力與勇氣

are part of our team --

鼓舞我們的創造力。

a team, thanks to added close interaction

我們的目標是要確保

with patients that work with us.

沒有一個小孩會因為費用 或就醫機會的因素而被遺漏掉。

Together, we have only one idea:

所以我們必須建立一個基金會，

the best solutions need to be simple.

以一對一的模式，

We lost the fear of creating something new.

我們免費提供一支裝置，

The path, it's not easy.

以確保每一個孩子都能接受治療。

Many obstacles arise all the time.

我們現在已在許多國家中作業，

But we receive strength from our patients.

但我們必須擴大到各地。

Their resilience and courage

整個事情始於一個異想天開的念頭，

inspire our creativity.

事實上也會持續下去：

Our goal is to make sure

沒有一個小孩會被忽略遺漏。

that no child is left behind,

（西語）非常謝謝！

not because of cost or access.

（掌聲）

So we have to start a foundation

with a one-to-one model.

We will give one device for free

to make sure that every child is treated.

We are in many countries now,

but we need to be everywhere.

This whole thing began

with one impossible idea

as will continue it, really:

No child is left behind.

Muchas gracias.

(Applause)