I'm standing in the middle of a deserted field full of land mines.

我曾有過這樣的噩夢：

In real life, I love to hike,

我站在佈滿地雷的廢棄田野間。

but every time I want to go on a hike, it makes me nervous.

在現實生活中，我喜歡徒步旅行，

I have this thought in the back of my mind

但每次我想去徒步旅行就很緊張。

that I might lose a limb.

可能會失去肢體的這個想法 在我的腦海裡揮之不去。

This underlying fear started 10 years ago,

這潛在的恐懼感始於十年前，

after I met Mohammed, a cluster bomb survivor

我遇見受榴霰彈攻擊的倖存者穆罕默德之後，

of the summer 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War in Lebanon.

在以色列和真主黨於2006年夏天 在黎巴嫩的戰事之際。

Mohammed, like so many other survivors all around the world,

如同世界各地其他許多 倖存者，穆罕默德

had to live through the horrifying repercussions of cluster munitions

每天都必須過著在榴霰彈的 恐怖陰影下的殘酷生活。

on a daily basis.

在黎巴嫩為期一個月的 軍事衝突爆發後，

When the one-month conflict started in Lebanon,

當時我還在巴黎的法新社工作。

I was still working at Agence France-Presse in Paris.

猶記得我緊盯著電視螢幕，

I remember how I was glued to the screens,

焦急地追蹤戰事的消息。

anxiously following the news.

我自我安慰：

I wanted to reassure myself

炸彈並未落在我的父母家。

that the falling bombs missed my parents' home.

當我抵達貝魯特去報導那場戰爭時，

When I arrived in Beirut on assignment to cover that war,

很欣慰地和家人團聚，

I was relieved to be united with my family,

當時他們終於逃離了黎巴嫩南部。

after they had finally managed to escape southern Lebanon.

在戰事結束的那一天，

The day the war was over,

我牢記著目睹的這個影像：

I remember seeing this image --

在一條被封鎖的道路上，

one of blocked roads,

流離失所的人們急切地 向南衝，要回自己的家園，

of displaced people eagerly rushing south, back to their homes,

完全不管會在那裡看到些什麼。

regardless of what they would find.

據估計，有四百萬顆榴霰彈

An estimated four million cluster submunitions

於34天期間落在黎巴嫩。

were spread in Lebanon during the 34-day conflict.

穆罕默德在軍事衝突的 最後一星期，失去了雙腿。

Mohammed lost both legs during the last week of the conflict.

因他的住處離我父母家 只有五分鐘的車程，

The fact that he lives a five-minute drive from my parents' home

所以我這些年來很容易追蹤他的情況。

made it easier to follow him through the years.

從我們第一次見面至今已近十年。

It was now almost 10 years since we first met.

我看到一個不得不忍受 身心創傷的小男孩。

I saw the young boy

我看到一個 幫朋友紋身

who had to endure physical and emotional trauma.

一次賺取五塊錢的的青少年。

I saw the teenager who tried to offer his friends tattoos,

我認得這個失業的年輕男子 長時間上網

in return for a set fee of five dollars.

試圖找個女朋友。

And I know the young, jobless man who spends hours surfing the Internet

他的命運以及失去的雙腿的後遺症

trying to meet a girl who might become his girlfriend.

是他現今每天面對的現實。

His fate and the effects of losing his legs

像穆罕默德這樣的炸傷倖存者

are now his daily reality.

得要處理許多我們 根本不會遇到的細節。

Survivors of bomb trauma like Mohammed

誰會想到

have to deal with so many details that never occur to us.

有這麼多我們習以為常的日常瑣事，

Who would have imagined

例如去海灘，或從地上撿起東西，

that so many daily tasks we do or take for granted,

會是他們壓力和焦慮的來源？

such as going to the beach or even picking up something from the floor,

由於他僵硬的義肢，那是 穆罕默德必須面對的景況。

would become sources of stress and anxiety?

十年前，我根本不知道 榴霰彈是什麼，

Well, that's what eventually became of Mohammed,

也不知道它的可怕。

due to his inflexible prosthetic legs.

後來我明白，這種無區別性地攻擊人們的武器

Ten years ago, I had no clue what a cluster bomb was,

被用於世界許多地區，

nor its horrifying implications.

並且持續奪取性命，

I learned that this indiscriminate weapon was used

不區分是軍事目標或是孩子。

in so many parts of the world

我天真地自問，

and continues to kill on a regular basis,

「到底誰製造這些武器？

without distinguishing between a military target

用來做什麼？」

or a child.

讓我解釋榴霰彈是什麼。

I naively asked myself,

它是個充滿了小炸彈的大罐子。

"But seriously, who made those weapons?

當它自空中落下時，

And what for?"

罐子會在半空中打開， 釋出數以百計的小炸彈。

Let me explain to you what a cluster bomb is.

小炸彈散落於廣大的區域，

It's a large canister filled with bomblets.

落地時仍有許多未爆炸。

When it's dropped from the air,

那些未爆彈就像地雷，

it opens up in midair to release hundreds of bomblets.

留在地面上，

They scatter around wide areas

等待下一個受難者。

and on impact,

如果有人無意中踩到

many fail to explode.

或撿起來，

Those unexploded ones end up just like landmines --

它們可能就會爆炸。

sitting on the ground,

因這些武器極為叵測，

waiting for their next target.

使所造成的威脅更大。

If someone steps on them by accident

某一天，農民可以毫無危險地耕作；

or picks them up,

而第二天，他升火燒掉些枯枝，

they can explode.

熱度可能引爆附近的未爆彈。

These weapons are extremely unpredictable,

孩童會誤把未爆彈當作玩具， 這是個大問題，

which makes the threat even bigger.

因它們看起來很像是 彈力球或汽水罐。

One day, a farmer can work his land without a problem.

身為紀錄片的攝影師，

The next day, he can make fire and burn some branches,

在戰事結束後數月， 我決定回黎巴嫩，

and the submunitions close by could be set off because of the heat.

與受榴霰彈攻擊的倖存者會面。

The problem is children mistake those bomblets for toys,

我見到的幾人中，

because they can look like bouncy balls or soda cans.

胡笙和瑞夏

Being a documentary photographer,

各因炸彈失去一條腿。

I decided to go back to Lebanon a few months after the conflict ended

他們和世界其他各地 孩子們的故事類似，

to meet cluster bomb survivors.

見證了持續使用這類武器 的恐怖影響。

And I met a few --

當我遇到穆罕默德， 時值2007年1月。

Hussein and Rasha,

他那時十一歲，

who both lost a leg to submunitions.

恰是爆炸意外後整整4個月。

Their stories are similar to so many other kids' stories across the world

第一次見到他時，

and are a testimony to the horrifying implications

他正經歷著痛苦的物理治療，

of the continuous use of such weapons.

為了讓傷勢恢復。

That's when I met Mohammed, in January 2007.

小小的年紀，仍處在驚恐之中，

He was 11 years old,

穆罕默德掙扎著要適應 他已改變的身體。

and I met him exactly four months after his accident.

甚至有時他在夜裡醒來， 想撓已失去的腳以止癢。

When I first saw him,

吸引我深入走進他的故事的原因， 是我瞬間幡然醒悟，

he was going through painful physiotherapy

穆罕默德在未來 極可能面臨的種種困難，

to recover from his fresh wounds.

比起他十一歲身軀 所承受的痛苦和必須的調適，

Still in shock at such a young age,

困難將會成倍地增加。

Mohammed was struggling to get used to his new body.

即使在他成殘之前，

He would even wake up sometimes at night wanting to scratch his lost feet.

穆罕默德的生活並不容易。

What drew me closer to his story was my instant realization

他出生於拉希迪赫 的巴勒斯坦難民營，

of the difficulties Mohammed was likely to face in the future --

這也仍是他目前的居所。

that what he has been suffering while adjusting to his injury

黎巴嫩約收容著 四十萬名巴勒斯坦難民，

at the age of 11,

他們忍受著歧視他們的法令。

would increase manyfold.

他們不被允許在公家機關工作，

Even before his disability,

不能從事某些行業，

Mohammed's life wasn't easy.

並被剝奪財產權。

He was born in the Rashidieh Camp for Palestinian refugees,

那是穆罕默德並不後悔 受傷後輟學的原因之一。

and this is where he still lives.

他說：「找不到工作時，即使有個 大學學位，又有什麼意義？」

Lebanon holds some 400,000 Palestinian refugees,

使用榴霰彈對社會造成惡性循環，

and they suffer from discriminatory laws.

影響的不僅是受害者的生活而已。

They're not allowed to work in the public sector

許多這個武器的受害者輟學，

or practice certain professions

找不到工作，或失去工作，

and are denied the right to own property.

失去負擔家計的能力；

This is one of the reasons

遑論持續的身體疼痛，

why Mohammed doesn't really regret dropping out of school

和精神上的孤立感。

right after his injury.

這些武器影響赤貧者尤甚。

He said, "What's the point of a university degree

高額的醫療費是沉重的家庭負擔。

when I can't find a job to start with?"

最終，他們只得仰賴人道援助機構，

Cluster bomb use creates a vicious circle of impact on communities,

這些機構資源不足，且不能持續太久，

and not only the lives of their victims.

尤其當傷者倚賴終身支援時。

Many who get injured by this weapon drop out of school,

穆罕默德受傷十年後，

can't find jobs or even lose their jobs,

仍然負擔不起換裝合適的義肢的錢。

therefore losing the ability to provide for their families.

他小心行進，

This is not to mention the continuous physical pain

因過去數年間的幾次當眾跌倒，

and the experience of feeling isolated.

使得他在朋友間非常困窘。

These weapons affect the poorest of the poor.

他開玩笑說，因為沒有腿，

The high medical cost is a burden to the families.

有些時候他試圖用手走路。

They end up relying on humanitarian agencies,

最糟糕卻又無形的武器後遺症之一， 是留在心裡的創傷。

which is insufficient and unsustainable,

一份穆罕默德早期 醫療報告的診斷記載著他有

especially when injuries require lifelong support to the injured.

「創傷後壓力症候群 」的跡象。

Ten years after Mohammed's injury,

他焦慮、食慾不振、有睡眠障礙，

he is still unable to afford proper prosthetic legs.

並出現憤怒的跡象。

He's very cautious with his steps,

現實的情況是穆罕默德從未得到 能夠讓他完全復原的適切幫助。

as a couple of falls over the years

他目前執著於不惜一切代價 要離開黎巴嫩，

brought him embarrassment among his friends.

即使這意味著開始一段危險的旅程，

He joked that since he doesn't have legs,

如同今日經由地中海 漂流至歐洲的難民一般。

some days he tries to walk on his hands.

知道旅程的危險程度，

One of the worst yet invisible impacts of the weapon

他說：「即使我在路上死了 也沒關係。」

is the psychological scars it leaves.

穆罕默德認為， 反正他在這裡形同已死。

In one of Mohammed's early medical reports,

榴霰彈是個世界性的問題，

he was diagnosed with signs of PTSD.

因這炸彈持續摧毀和傷害整個社會，

He suffered from anxiety, poor appetite, sleep disturbance

禍延後代子孫。

and showed signs of anger.

某次線上訪談非營利的 排雷諮詢組織的領導，

The reality is Mohammed never received proper help to fully recover.

傑米•富蘭克林，

His current obsession is to leave Lebanon at any cost --

他說：

even if it meant embarking on a hazardous journey

「美軍曾在寮國投下 超過兩百萬噸的炸藥。

along with refugees drifting towards Europe today through the Mediterranean.

如果找不到要攻擊的越南目標，

Knowing how risky such a journey would be,

他們會先把所載的炸彈 丟在位於寮國的拋棄區內，

he said, "If I were to die on the way,

飛機才返回基地，

it doesn't matter."

因為飛機載著炸彈降落極為危險。」

To Mohammed, he is dead here, anyway.

根據國際紅十字委員會，

Cluster bombs are a world problem,

僅在世界最貧困的國家之一的寮國，

as this munition keeps destroying and hurting whole communities

就留有九百萬至 兩千七百萬枚的未爆彈。

for generations to come.

自1973年以來，約有 一萬一千人被炸死或炸傷。

In an online interview with the director of the Mines Advisory Group,

這種致命的武器被使用於 超過二十個武裝衝突的地區，

Jamie Franklin,

在烏克蘭、伊拉克和蘇丹等 35個以上的國家裡被使用。

he said,

到目前為止，有119個國家 簽署國際條約

"The US forces dropped over two million tons of munitions over Laos.

禁止榴霰彈，

If they couldn't find their targets in Vietnam,

正式名稱是《榴霰彈公約》。

there were free-drop areas in Laos where planes would drop their loads

但一些最大的榴霰彈生產商，

before going back to base,

即：美國、俄羅斯，和中國，

because it's dangerous to land with loaded planes."

仍把這拯救生命的公約排除在外，

According to the International Committee of the Red Cross,

繼續製造榴霰彈，

in Laos alone -- one of the poorest countries in the world --

保留對榴霰彈未來的生產權，

nine to 27 million unexploded submunitions remain.

庫存著這些有害的武器，

Some 11,000 people have been killed or injured since 1973.

且很可能將來還會使用它們。

This lethal weapon has been used by over 20 states during armed conflicts

據報導，最近榴霰彈被用於

in over 35 countries,

持續進行的葉門和敘利亞衝突中。

such as Ukraine, Iraq and Sudan.

根據位於荷蘭的非營利、 非政府組織PAX的一項研究，

So far, 119 states have joined an international treaty

金融機構投資數十億美元

banning cluster bombs,

在全世界的榴霰彈生產商上。

which is officially called the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

其中大多數金融機構的總部

But some of the biggest producers of cluster munitions --

位於尚未簽署《榴霰彈公約》的國家內。

namely, the United States, Russia and China --

回到穆罕默德，

remain outside of this lifesaving treaty

他能夠找到的少數工作之一 是採摘檸檬。

and continue to produce them,

我問他在田地裡工作是否安全，

reserve the right to produce them in the future,

他回答：「我不確定。」

keep those harmful weapons in their stockpiles

研究顯示，在榴霰彈殘留的地區，

and even possibly use them in the future.

通常以農業為其主要的收入來源。

Cluster bombs have reportedly been used most recently

根據「國際殘疾協會」的研究，

in the ongoing conflicts in Yemen and Syria.

百分之九十八的 榴霰彈死傷者是平民；

According to research on the worldwide investments

百分之八十四是男性。

in cluster munitions producers

在一些別無其他選擇， 只能在田野裡工作的國家，

by Pax, a Dutch-based NGO,

人們只能冒險工作。

financial institutions invested billions of US dollars

和三個姐妹在一起， 穆罕默德作為家中唯一的男人，

into companies that make cluster munitions.

在習俗期許下， 他應該負擔家人的生計，

The majority of these institutions are based in countries

但他根本無法辦到。

that have not yet signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

他試過許多不同的工作，

Getting back to Mohammed,

但沒一個能夠長久，

one of the few jobs he was able to find was picking lemons.

主因是他身體的殘疾，以及 身處於對殘疾人不友善的環境中。

When I ask him if it's safe to work in the field he said,

對他的巨大打擊和傷害 是他去找工作時被拒絕，

"I'm not sure."

而用一點點的憐憫小錢 打發他走。

Research shows that cluster munitions often contaminate areas

他說：「我不是在乞討，

where agriculture is the main source of income.

我只是想靠自己賺錢。」

According to Handicap International's research,

穆罕默德現年二十一歲。

98 percent of those killed or injured by cluster munitions are civilians.

是個文盲，

Eighty-four percent of casualties are males.

靠語音訊息溝通。

In countries where these people have no choice

這是他的一段語音。

but to work in those fields,

（穆罕默德的阿拉伯語音頻）

they simply do it

（蘿拉•包士拿克：） 他說：「我的夢，是奔跑。

and risk it.

我萬分肯定，一旦起跑，

Mohammed is the only male to three sisters.

就永遠不會停下腳步。」

Culturally, he's expected to provide for his family,

謝謝。

but he simply can't.

（掌聲）

He tried to have so many different jobs,

but he couldn't keep any due to his physical disability

and the less-than-friendly environment to people with disabilities,

to say the least.

It hurts him a lot when he goes out looking for a job,

and he's turned away

with a small amount of money paid to him out of pity.

He said, "I'm not here to beg for money,

I just want to earn it."

Mohammed today is 21 years old.

He's illiterate,

and he communicates with voice messages.

Here is one of his messages.

(Audio) Mohammed: (Speaking in Arabic)

Laura Boushnak: He said, "My dream is to run,

and I'm pretty sure once I start running,

I would never stop."

Thank you.

(Applause)