Western democracy.

假設你鄙視

Democracy, in all its trappings,

西方的民主制度。

free elections, town halls,

民主，佈滿了陷阱、

endless debates about the proper role of government.

從投票自由、市政廳、

Too messy,

到對政府角色永無止境的爭論。

too unpredictable,

都太亂七八糟，

too constraining for your taste.

無法預測，

And the way these democracies band together and lecture everyone else

不符合你的修養。

about individual rights and freedoms --

當這些民主人士勾結在一起，

it gets under your skin.

向其他人宣揚自由與人權時──

So what to do about it?

總讓你覺得憤怒。

You can call out the hypocrisy and failures of Western democracies

所以，我們應該怎麼辦呢？

and explain how your way is better,

你可以指出西方民主的失敗和虛偽，

but that's never really worked for you.

然後提供一種更好的制度，

What if you could get the people

但那種方法並不適合你。

whose support is the very foundation of these democracies

那麼，如果你能夠使那些

to start questioning the system?

民主制度的支持者

Make the idea occur in their own minds

開始懷疑這個系統呢？

that democracy and its institutions are failing them,

讓他們自己產生這樣的想法：

their elite are corrupt puppet masters

民主及其制度正在將他們引向失敗，

and the country they knew is in free fall.

他們眼中的精英其實都是 腐敗的演戲高手，

To do that,

而他們的國家正在無可挽回地衰退。

you'll need to infiltrate the information spheres

要想做到這點，

of these democracies.

你需要滲透進

You'll need to turn their most powerful asset --

這些民主人士的圈子。

an open mind --

你需要將他們最有力量的資產──

into their greatest vulnerability.

開放的思維──

You'll need people to question the truth.

轉變成他們最脆弱的地方。

Now, you'll be familiar of hacking and leaks that happened in 2016.

你需要讓人們開始質疑真相。

One was the Democratic National Committee's networks,

現在，各位都知道在 2016 年 發生的駭客攻擊和洩密事件。

and the personal email accounts of its staff,

被攻擊的網路之一是 民主黨全國委員會，

later released on WikiLeaks.

以及民主黨成員的個人郵箱賬號，

After that, various online personas,

這些信息被發表在在維基解密上。

like a supposed Romanian cybercriminal who didn't speak Romanian,

在那之後，許多網路上的人物,

aggressively pushed news of these leaks to journalists.

比如一個宣稱自己是羅馬尼亞駭客， 但不會說羅馬尼亞語的人

The media took the bait.

強烈地想把這些洩密新聞 推送給新聞工作者。

They were consumed by how much the DNC hated Bernie.

媒體上鉤了。

At the time, it was that narrative that far outshined the news

他们的關注都被吸引到了 民主黨對伯尼·桑德斯的恨上。

that a group of Russian government sponsored hackers

在那時，有一個故事， 比新聞本身更受關注：

who we called "Advanced Persistent Threat 28,"

一群俄羅斯官方駭客

or "APT28" for short,

名稱為「高階持續性威脅 28 」，

was carrying out these operations against the US.

或者簡稱 APT28 ，

And there was no shortage of evidence.

為了制約美國而發動了 這些黑客攻擊。

This group of Russian government hackers hadn't just appeared out of nowhere

我們有充足的證據證明這點。

in 2016.

這群來自俄羅斯政府的駭客並不是

We had started tracking this group back in 2014.

在 2016 年無端出現。

And the tools that APT28 used to compromise its victims' networks

我們從 2014 年 就已經盯上這個組織了。

demonstrated a thoughtful, well-resourced effort

而 APT28 所用的 破壞受害人網路的工具

that had taken place for now over a decade

展現出其背後投入的 長期精力和資源。

in Moscow's time zone

這一項目已經進行了超過十年，

from about 9 am to 6 pm.

在莫斯科時區，十年如一日，

APT28 loved to prey on the emails and contacts of journalists in Chechnya,

駭客們每天從早上九點， 工作到到下午六點。

the Georgian government, eastern European defense attachés --

APT28 經常獵捕某些特定聯繫人 和郵件：車臣共和國記者、

all targets with an undeniable interest to the Russian government.

喬治亞國政府，以及 東歐防禦部門──

We weren't the only ones onto this.

所有對於俄羅斯政府來說 非常有趣的目標。

Governments, research teams across the world,

我們並不是唯一關注這件事的人。

were coming to similar conclusions

政府、全世界的研究機關

and observing the same types of operations.

都得到了相似的結論，

But what Russia was doing in 2016

並且看到了同樣類型的操作。

went far beyond espionage.

但俄羅斯在 2016 年做的事

The DNC hack was just one of many where stolen data was posted online

遠遠超過了間諜活動。

accompanied by a sensational narrative,

民主黨全國委員會受到的黑客攻擊 只是被盜數據在線上發佈的一個例子，

then amplified in social media

伴隨著聳人聽聞的敘述，

for lightning-speed adoption by the media.

然後由於媒體的光速傳播

This didn't ring the alarm bells

在社交媒體上放大。

that a nation-state was trying to interfere with the credibility

然而這並沒有響起人們的警鐘：

of another's internal affairs.

事實上，一個國家正試著干預

So why, collectively, did we not see this coming?

另一個國家的內政。

Why did it take months before Americans understood

那麼，為什麼我們集體 沒有意識到它的到來？

that they were under a state-sponsored information attack?

為什麼遠在幾個月以後， 美國人才明白

The easy answer is politics.

他們受到的信息攻擊， 是另一個國家的操縱？

The Obama Administration was caught in a perfect catch-22.

一個簡單的答案是政治。

By raising the specter that the Russian government was interfering

奧巴馬陷入了一個完美的困境。

in the US presidential campaign,

通過讓民眾對俄羅斯政府正在

the Administration risked appearing to meddle in the campaign itself.

干預美國總統大選一事感到焦慮，

But the better answer, I think,

行政當局可能會使自己 看起來像是在干擾大選。

is that the US and the West were utterly unequipped

但我想，更好的答案

to recognize and respond to a modern information operation,

是美國和西方對於現代的信息化操縱

despite the fact that the US had wielded information

毫無任何防備，

with devastating success in an era not so long ago.

儘管美國曾在不久前的時代

Look, so while the US and the West spent the last 20 years

在信息方面取得過巨大的成功。

caught up in cybersecurity --

美國和西方國家 曾花費了過去 20 年時間

what networks to harden,

强化網路安全──

which infrastructure to deem critical,

什麼樣的網路需要強化，

how to set up armies of cyber warriors and cyber commands --

哪些基礎設施是關鍵，

Russia was thinking in far more consequential terms.

怎樣建立網路戰士的 軍隊和網路指令──

Before the first iPhone even hit the shelf,

而俄羅斯的想法更注重結果。

the Russian government understood the risks and the opportunity

在第一個 iPhone 出現之前，

that technology provided

俄羅斯政府就知道了 網路技術所能提供的

and the inter-communication and instant communication it provided us.

風險和機會，

As our realities are increasingly based on the information

以及它給我們提供的即時信息交流。

that we're consuming at the palm of our hand

隨著我們眼中的現實越來越基於

and from the news feeds that we're scanning

我們掌中得到的信息，

and the hashtags and stories that we see trending,

以及從我們瀏覽的新聞，

the Russian government was the first to recognize

和當下流行的標籤和故事，

how this evolution

俄羅斯政府是第一個意識到

had turned your mind into the most exploitable device on the planet.

這場技術革命是如何

And your mind is particularly exploitable

把你的意識 變成地球上可利用資源的。

if you're accustomed to an unfettered flow of information,

當你習慣於現在不受監管

now increasingly curated to your own tastes.

又引人入勝的信息流時，

This panorama of information that's so interesting to you

你的思想格外容易被人利用。

gives a state, or anyone for that matter, a perfect back door into your mind.

這個對你來說非常有趣的全景式信息

It's this new brand of state-sponsored information operations

給了一個國家，或者任何人， 一個入侵你思想的機會。

that can be that much more successful,

這一新型的，由國家支持的信息行動

more insidious,

成功率更高，

and harder for the target audience -- that includes the media --

更加隱秘，

to decipher and characterize.

同時更難被目標觀眾，包括媒體，

If you can get a hashtag trending on Twitter,

所察覺到。

or chum the waters with fake news

如果你能使一個標籤 在推特上流行起來，

directed to audiences primed to receive it,

或者用假新聞收買網路水軍，

or drive journalists to dissect terabytes of email

針對著準備接收這些信息的觀眾，

for a cent of impropriety --

或者讓記者們解析海量的郵件

all tactics used in Russian operations --

來尋找哪怕是一分一毫的不誠實──

then you've got a shot at effectively camouflaging your operations

這都是被俄羅斯政府利用過的策略，

in the mind of your target.

這樣，你就能夠高效地

This is what Russia's long called "reflexive control."

改變你目標的思想。

It's the ability to use information on someone else

這就是被俄羅斯稱作 「反射控制」的東西。

so that they make a decision

這是將信息用在別人身上的能力：

on their own accord

這樣做，他們的選擇

that's favorable to you.

是由他們自己做出的，

This is nation-state-grade image control and perception management,

卻有利於你。

and it's conducted by any means,

這是一個國家 在影響和控制你的認知：

with any tools, network-based or otherwise, that will achieve it.

這可以用各種形式來實現：

Take this for another example.

不管用什麼工具， 不管基不基於網路，都能達到目標。

In early February 2014, a few weeks before Russia would invade Crimea,

還有另一個例子。

a phone call is posted on YouTube.

在 2014 年的二月初， 俄羅斯入侵克里米亞的幾週前，

In it, there's two US diplomats.

有人在 YouTube 上傳了一通電話。

They sound like they're playing kingmaker in Ukraine,

電話裡有兩個美國外交官。

and worse, they curse the EU for its lack of speed and leadership

他們聽起來像是在烏克蘭玩過家家，

in resolving the crisis.

而更糟糕的是， 他們咒罵歐盟在化解危機時

The media covers the phone call,

缺乏領導力和速度。

and then the ensuing diplomatic backlash

媒體報導了這個電話，

leaves Washington and Europe reeling.

最後的外交反作用

And it creates a fissured response and a feckless attitude

使得華盛頓和歐洲失去平衡。

towards Russia's land grab in Ukraine.

糟糕的是，它使得人們 對俄羅斯在烏克蘭的侵略

Mission accomplished.

持有一種玩世不恭， 毫不嚴肅的態度。

So while hacked phone calls and emails and networks

任務完成。

keep grabbing the headlines,

所以當駭客洩露的 電話通話、郵件和網路

the real operations are the ones

一直牢牢佔據著頭條，

that are influencing the decisions you make

其背後真正的操作

and the opinions you hold,

正在影響你做出的決定

all in the service of a nation-state's strategic interest.

和你的想法。

This is power in the information age.

而這一切全都為 一個國家的戰略利益服務。

And this information is all that much more seductive,

這就是信息時代的力量。

all that much easier to take at face value and pass on,

而當它是隱秘信息時，

when it's authentic.

這個信息變得愈發吸引人，

Who's not interested in the truth that's presented in phone calls and emails

傳播的速度更快。

that were never intended for public consumption?

有誰不會對本來永遠不會公開的

But how meaningful is that truth

藏在電話通話和郵件裡的真相 感到好奇呢？

if you don't know why it's being revealed to you?

但如果你不知道 為什麼那個真相展示給了你，

We must recognize that this place where we're increasingly living,

真相又有什麼意義呢？

which we've quaintly termed "cyberspace,"

我們必須意識到 我們生活的這個地方──

isn't defined by ones and zeroes,

我們把它叫做「網路空間」，

but by information and the people behind it.

並不是由 0 和 1 來定義，

This is far more than a network of computers and devices.

而是由信息和信息背後的人。

This is a network composed of minds

這遠不僅僅是一個 由電腦和設備構成的網路。

interacting with computers and devices.

這是一個由操作電腦設備的 腦袋們所形成的網路。

And for this network,

而這個網路，

there's no encryption, there's no firewall,

沒有加密，沒有防火墻，

no two-factor authentication,

沒有雙重認證，

no password complex enough to protect you.

沒有足夠複雜到保護你的密碼。

What you have for defense

你擁有的抵禦武器

is far stronger, it's more adaptable, it's always running the latest version.

遠遠更強，更具有適應性， 永遠都是最新版。

It's the ability to think critically:

它是批判性思維：

call out falsehood,

指出錯誤的地方，

press for the facts.

努力找到事實。

And above all, you must have the courage

而最重要的，你必須要有勇氣

to unflinchingly pursue the truth.

去堅定不移的追求真相。

(Applause)

（掌聲）