I first heard these words when I was just six years old,

太空，最後的邊境。

and I was completely inspired.

我 6 歲時第一次聽到這句話，

I wanted to explore strange new worlds.

並因此深受啓發。

I wanted to seek out new life.

我想要去探索新奇的世界。

I wanted to see everything that the universe had to offer.

我要去尋找新的生命。

And those dreams, those words, they took me on a journey,

我想要去見識宇宙的一切。

a journey of discovery,

這些夢想和話語 讓我踏上了這個旅程，

through school, through university,

充滿發現的旅程，

to do a PhD and finally to become a professional astronomer.

經過中學、經過大學，

Now, I learned two amazing things,

唸博士、最後成為專業天文學家。

one slightly unfortunate,

我學到了兩件很棒的事，

when I was doing my PhD.

第一件稍微有點不幸，

I learned that the reality was

當我在唸博士時。

I wouldn't be piloting a starship anytime soon.

我學到現實是，

But I also learned that the universe is strange, wonderful and vast,

駕駛太空船不是近期可實現的事。

actually too vast to be explored by spaceship.

但我也學到，宇宙是 奇異、美妙、浩瀚的，

And so I turned my attention to astronomy, to using telescopes.

事實上，它太浩瀚了 太空船也無法探索完。

Now, I show you before you an image of the night sky.

因此我把注意力轉向天文學， 轉向使用望遠鏡。

You might see it anywhere in the world.

我現在呈現在你們眼前的 是夜晚天空的影像。

And all of these stars are part of our local galaxy, the Milky Way.

你在世界任何地方都可以看到它。

Now, if you were to go to a darker part of the sky,

所有這些星星都是 我們這個銀河系的一部份。

a nice dark site, perhaps in the desert,

如果你到比較暗的一個地方，

you might see the center of our Milky Way galaxy

一個不錯的黑暗之地， 也許是在沙漠，

spread out before you, hundreds of billions of stars.

你也許能看到銀河系的中心，

And it's a very beautiful image.

上千億顆星星在你面前展開。

It's colorful.

這是個非常美的畫面。

And again, this is just a local corner of our universe.

非常多彩。

You can see there's a sort of strange dark dust across it.

同樣的，這也只是 我們這個宇宙的一小角。

Now, that is local dust

你可以看到有種奇怪的、類似 暗色灰塵的東西橫越它。

that's obscuring the light of the stars.

這是此處的塵埃，

But we can do a pretty good job.

它遮蔽了星體的亮光。

Just with our own eyes, we can explore our little corner of the universe.

但我們可以看得很清楚。

It's possible to do better.

只要用我們的雙眼 就可探索宇宙中我們所處的小角落。

You can use wonderful telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope.

還有可能看得更清楚。

Now, astronomers have put together this image.

你可以使用很好的望遠鏡， 如哈伯空間望遠鏡。

It's called the Hubble Deep Field,

天文學家做出了這張影像。

and they've spent hundreds of hours observing just a tiny patch of the sky

稱為「哈伯深領域」，

no larger than your thumbnail held at arm's length.

他們花了幾百小時觀察 天空的小小一部分，

And in this image

比你伸直手臂時看到的 指甲蓋的大小差不多。

you can see thousands of galaxies,

在這張影像中，

and we know that there must be hundreds of millions, billions of galaxies

你可以看到數千個銀河系，

in the entire universe,

我們知道在整個宇宙中 必定有數億數兆個

some like our own and some very different.

銀河系存在，

So you think, OK, well, I can continue this journey.

有些很像我們的銀河系， 有些則非常不同。

This is easy. I can just use a very powerful telescope

所以你心想，好，我可以繼續這旅程。

and just look at the sky, no problem.

這很簡單。 我只要用強大的望遠鏡對準天空，

It's actually really missing out if we just do that.

然後只要看著天空，沒問題的。

Now, that's because everything I've talked about so far

但如果我們真的這樣做， 其實會錯過很多。

is just using the visible spectrum, just the thing that your eyes can see,

那是因為目前我所講的一切，

and that's a tiny slice,

都只用到可見光譜，也就是 你眼睛可以看到的電磁波範圍，

a tiny, tiny slice of what the universe has to offer us.

那只是極小的一部分，

Now, there's also two very important problems with using visible light.

宇宙一切中極小、極小的一部份。

Not only are we missing out on all the other processes

使用可見光，會有兩個重要的問題。

that are emitting other kinds of light,

我們不只會錯過其他的景象──

but there's two issues.

因為它們發出的是 其他種類的、不可見的光，

Now, the first is that dust that I mentioned earlier.

還有兩個問題。

The dust stops the visible light from getting to us.

第一我之前提到的灰塵，

So as we look deeper into the universe, we see less light.

灰塵阻擋，讓可見光無法傳到我們這裡。

The dust stops it getting to us.

所以當我們看向宇宙更深處， 我們看到的光就更少。

But there's a really strange problem with using visible light

灰塵阻擋讓光無法傳到我們這裡。

in order to try and explore the universe.

但當我們試圖使用 可見的光來探索宇宙時，

Now take a break for a minute.

會有一個非常奇特的問題。

Say you're standing on a corner, a busy street corner.

現在先休息一下。

There's cars going by.

假設你站在一個角落，繁忙的街角。

An ambulance approaches.

有車子經過。

It has a high-pitched siren.

有一輛救護車接近，

(Imitates a siren passing by)

它有著高音頻的警笛聲。

The siren appeared to change in pitch

（模仿警笛經過）

as it moved towards and away from you.

警笛朝你而來和遠離你時，

The ambulance driver did not change the siren just to mess with you.

音高明顯有所不同。

That was a product of your perception.

救護車司機並沒有改變警笛來玩弄你。

The sound waves, as the ambulance approached,

那是你的感知所造成的。

were compressed,

當救護車接近時，聲波

and they changed higher in pitch.

會被壓縮，

As the ambulance receded, the sound waves were stretched,

它們的音高會變更高。

and they sounded lower in pitch.

隨著救護車離開，聲波被延展，

The same thing happens with light.

警笛聲的音高聽起來就比較低。

Objects moving towards us,

光也有同樣的現象，

their light waves are compressed and they appear bluer.

當物體向我們移動，

Objects moving away from us,

它們的光波被壓縮，因此顯得比較藍。

their light waves are stretched, and they appear redder.

遠離我們的物體，

So we call these effects blueshift and redshift.

它們的光波被延展，因此顯得比較紅。

Now, our universe is expanding,

我們稱這些效應為藍移和紅移。

so everything is moving away from everything else,

現在，我們的宇宙正在擴張，

and that means everything appears to be red.

所以所有東西都在遠離其他東西，

And oddly enough, as you look more deeply into the universe,

那就意味著所有東西 看起來都是紅的。

more distant objects are moving away further and faster,

奇怪的是，當你看向宇宙更深處，

so they appear more red.

距離越遠的物體， 也在越快地遠離我們，

So if I come back to the Hubble Deep Field

所以它們看起來變得更紅。

and we were to continue to peer deeply into the universe

如果我回到「哈伯深領域」

just using the Hubble,

並且我們持續窺探宇宙深處，

as we get to a certain distance away,

僅僅只使用哈伯，

everything becomes red,

當我們到達一定距離之後，

and that presents something of a problem.

每樣東西都變成紅色，

Eventually, we get so far away

那就呈現出了一個問題。

everything is shifted into the infrared

最終，地方距離我們如此之遠，

and we can't see anything at all.

一切都轉變成紅外線，

So there must be a way around this.

我們就完全看不到任何東西。

Otherwise, I'm limited in my journey.

那必須要有解決之道。

I wanted to explore the whole universe,

否則，我的旅程將受到限制。

not just whatever I can see, you know, before the redshift kicks in.

我想要探索整個宇宙，

There is a technique.

不僅僅是肉眼可見的部份， 可現在，「紅移」造成了麻煩。

It's called radio astronomy.

有一種技術，

Astronomers have been using this for decades.

叫射電天文學。

It's a fantastic technique.

天文學家已使用這技術數十年了。

I show you the Parkes Radio Telescope, affectionately known as "The Dish."

它是種很棒的技術。

You may have seen the movie.

我讓你們看看帕克斯射電望遠鏡 也就是所謂的「碟子」（The Dish）。

And radio is really brilliant.

你可能看過《不簡單的任務 （The Dish）》這部電影。

It allows us to peer much more deeply.

無線電棒極了。

It doesn't get stopped by dust,

它可以讓我們能窺探得更深入。

so you can see everything in the universe,

它不會被灰塵阻擋，

and redshift is less of a problem

所以你可以看到在宇宙中的任何東西，

because we can build receivers that receive across a large band.

紅移問題就不算什麼了，

So what does Parkes see when we turn it to the center of the Milky Way?

因為我們可以建造接收器 來接收很廣的波段。

We should see something fantastic, right?

所以當我們把帕克斯轉向銀河的中央 我們會看到什麼？

Well, we do see something interesting.

我們應該會看到很炫的東西，對吧？

All that dust has gone.

嗯，我們確實看到了有趣的東西。

As I mentioned, radio goes straight through dust, so not a problem.

所有的灰塵都不見了。

But the view is very different.

如我先前提到的，無線電波可以 直接穿透灰塵，這不是個問題。

We can see that the center of the Milky Way is aglow,

但看到的景象非常不同。

and this isn't starlight.

我們可以看到銀河的中央在發光，

This is a light called synchrotron radiation,

這不是星光。

and it's formed from electrons spiraling around cosmic magnetic fields.

這種光叫做同步加速輻射 （synchrotron radiation），

So the plane is aglow with this light.

它是由電子繞著宇宙磁場 螺旋轉動所形成，

And we can also see strange tufts coming off of it,

是這種光讓這個平面看來在發光。

and objects which don't appear to line up

我們可以看到來自它的奇特簇束，

with anything that we can see with our own eyes.

以及一些物體， 它們顯然並不符合

But it's hard to really interpret this image,

我們肉眼所見的一切。

because as you can see, it's very low resolution.

這個影像很難詮釋，

Radio waves have a wavelength that's long,

因為如你所見，它的解析度很低。

and that makes their resolution poorer.

無線電波的波長很長，

This image is also black and white,

這使得它的解析度更差。

so we don't really know what is the color of everything in here.

這個影像也是黑白的，

Well, fast-forward to today.

所以其實我們不知道 那裡的任何東西是什麼顏色。

We can build telescopes

快轉到現今，

which can get over these problems.

我們可以建造出

Now, I'm showing you here an image of the Murchison Radio Observatory,

能解決這些問題的望遠鏡。

a fantastic place to build radio telescopes.

現在我要給你們看的是 默奇森電波天文臺的影像，

It's flat, it's dry,

那兒是設置射電望遠鏡的絕佳地點。

and most importantly, it's radio quiet:

它很平坦，很乾燥，

no mobile phones, no Wi-Fi, nothing,

最重要的是，沒有電波幹擾：

just very, very radio quiet,

沒有手機，沒有無線網路，都沒有。

so a perfect place to build a radio telescope.

就是完全無電波幹擾。

Now, the telescope that I've been working on for a few years

因此是設置電波望遠鏡的完美地點。

is called the Murchison Widefield Array,

我這些年來工作中的望遠鏡

and I'm going to show you a little time lapse of it being built.

叫「默奇森寬場陣列（MWA）」，

This is a group of undergraduate and postgraduate students

我要給各位看一段它建造過程的縮時影片。

located in Perth.

這是一群大學和研究生，

We call them the Student Army,

地點在伯斯。

and they volunteered their time to build a radio telescope.

我們稱他們為「學生軍隊」，

There's no course credit for this.

他們是自願協助架設望遠鏡的義工。

And they're putting together these radio dipoles.

做這工作是沒有學分奬勵的。

They just receive at low frequencies, a bit like your FM radio or your TV.

他們在裝配無線電的偶極。

And here we are deploying them across the desert.

它們可以收到很低的頻率， 有點像是FM廣播或電視。

The final telescope covers 10 square kilometers

我們將它們佈署到沙漠中。

of the Western Australian desert.

最終望遠鏡含蓋了10平方公里。

And the interesting thing is, there's no moving parts.

位在西澳洲的沙漠上。

We just deploy these little antennas

有趣的是，沒有可活動的部件。

essentially on chicken mesh.

我們只是佈署了這些小天線，

It's fairly cheap.

基本上是放在六角形網格上。

Cables take the signals

價格非常便宜。

from the antennas

從天線取得的信號

and bring them to central processing units.

透過覽線

And it's the size of this telescope,

被送到中央處理單位。

the fact that we've built it over the entire desert

是因為這望遠鏡的大小，

that gives us a better resolution than Parkes.

大到我們得在整個沙漠上建造它，

Now, eventually all those cables bring them to a unit

因而才有比帕克斯更好的解析度。

which sends it off to a supercomputer here in Perth,

最後，所有這些覽線 把數據傳送給一個處理單位，

and that's where I come in.

處理單位又將資訊 傳到位在伯斯的超級電腦，

(Sighs)

這就是我發揮功能的地方了。

Radio data.

（嘆氣）

I have spent the last five years

無線電波資料。

working with very difficult, very interesting data

我花了過去五年

that no one had really looked at before.

處理非常困難但非常有趣的資料，

I've spent a long time calibrating it,

都是過去沒人看過的。

running millions of CPU hours on supercomputers

我花了好多時間校調它，

and really trying to understand that data.

花了數百萬中央處理器小時 來用超級電腦做運算，

And with this telescope,

並真正嘗試去瞭解資料。

with this data,

有了這個望遠鏡，

we've performed a survey of the entire southern sky,

有了這些資料，

the GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky MWA Survey,

我們針對整個南方天空進行了一項調查，

or GLEAM, as I call it.

稱為「銀河系及銀銀河外星系的 全天空的 MWA 調查」。

And I'm very excited.

我簡稱它叫 GLEAM 。

This survey is just about to be published, but it hasn't been shown yet,

我非常興奮。

so you are literally the first people

這調查即將要發表， 但目前尚未公開過，

to see this southern survey of the entire sky.

所以你們就是最早

So I'm delighted to share with you some images from this survey.

看到這南方天空調查的人。

Now, imagine you went to the Murchison,

我很高興能在此與你們分享 這次調查中的一些影像。

you camped out underneath the stars

現在，想像一下你去默奇森，

and you looked towards the south.

你在星空下野營，

You saw the south's celestial pole,

你向南方看去，

the galaxy rising.

看到了南天極，

If I fade in the radio light,

銀河系在上升。

this is what we observe with our survey.

如果我逐漸加強無線電的光，

You can see that the galactic plane is no longer dark with dust.

我們的調查中所看到的 畫面就是這樣的。

It's alight with synchrotron radiation,

你可以看到 銀河平面不再因為灰塵而那麼暗了。

and thousands of dots are in the sky.

同步加速輻射讓它亮起來，

Our large Magellanic Cloud, our nearest galactic neighbor,

天上有著數以千計的點。

is orange instead of its more familiar blue-white.

我們的大麥哲倫雲， 也就是我們最近的銀河鄰居，

So there's a lot going on in this. Let's take a closer look.

它是橘色的， 而非我們比較熟悉的藍白色。

If we look back towards the galactic center,

所以這裡有很多學問， 我們再近一點看。

where we originally saw the Parkes image that I showed you earlier,

如果我們回頭看銀河中心，

low resolution, black and white,

我先前給大家看的帕克斯影像，

and we fade to the GLEAM view,

是低解析度且黑白的，

you can see the resolution has gone up by a factor of a hundred.

我們漸漸轉換到 GLEAM 的畫面，

We now have a color view of the sky,

可以看到解析度提升百倍。

a technicolor view.

我們現在能看到彩色的天空了，

Now, it's not a false color view.

特藝彩色的天空。

These are real radio colors.

畫面上的這些顏色並不是假的。

What I've done is I've colored the lowest frequencies red

它們是真實的無線電波顏色。

and the highest frequencies blue,

我做的是將最低頻率設定為紅色，

and the middle ones green.

最高頻率設定為藍色，

And that gives us this rainbow view.

中間頻率則是綠色。

And this isn't just false color.

就產生了這個彩虹色影像。

The colors in this image tell us about the physical processes

這不只是假的顏色。

going on in the universe.

畫面中的顏色能告訴我們在宇宙中

So for instance, if you look along the plane of the galaxy,

所發生的物理過程。

it's alight with synchrotron,

比如，如果你延著銀河系的平面看去，

which is mostly reddish orange,

它因為同步加速輻射而亮著，

but if we look very closely, we see little blue dots.

大部份是橘紅色，

Now, if we zoom in,

但如果我們非常近看， 可以看到些小藍點。

these blue dots are ionized plasma

如果我們把影像放大，

around very bright stars,

這些藍點是電離的等離子體，

and what happens is that they block the red light,

圍繞在非常亮的星體旁邊，

so they appear blue.

原因是因為它們阻擋了紅光，

And these can tell us about these star-forming regions

所以會顯現藍色。

in our galaxy.

這些資訊能讓我們瞭解 我們的銀河系中這些由星體

And we just see them immediately.

形成的區域。

We look at the galaxy, and the color tells us that they're there.

我們能立即看到它們。

You can see little soap bubbles,

我們看向銀河系， 顏色就能顯示它們的所在。

little circular images around the galactic plane,

你們可以看見小小的肥皂泡，

and these are supernova remnants.

在銀河系平面周圍的小圓圈，

When a star explodes,

它們是超新星的遺跡。

its outer shell is cast off

當一顆星星爆炸，

and it travels outward into space gathering up material,

它的外殼會被脫去，

and it produces a little shell.

它會向外移動進入太空 收集物質，

It's been a long-standing mystery to astronomers