A computer now can detect our slightest facial microexpressions

當科技比我們更了解自己時， 會發生甚麼事呢？

and be able to tell the difference between a real smile and a fake one.

現今的電腦，

That's only the beginning.

可以偵測到我們的微表情──

Technology has become incredibly intelligent

它分辨得出真笑和假笑。

and already knows a lot about our internal states.

但這只是個開始。

And whether we like it or not,

科技日益進步，

we already are sharing parts of our inner lives

它知道很多我們的內心世界。

that's out of our control.

不管我們喜歡與否，

That seems like a problem,

我們已將自己部分內心世界分享出去，

because a lot of us like to keep what's going on inside

這不在我們的掌控之中。

from what people actually see.

那似乎是個問題，

We want to have agency over what we share and what we don't.

因為我們當中很多人，

We all like to have a poker face.

喜歡隱藏內心想法，

But I'm here to tell you that I think that's a thing of the past.

讓旁人無從察覺。

And while that might sound scary, it's not necessarily a bad thing.

我們想要掌握自主權去選擇 什麼可被分享、什麼不可以。

I've spent a lot of time studying the circuits in the brain

我們都想要張撲克臉。

that create the unique perceptual realities that we each have.

但我在這裡告訴你們， 我認為這種想法已經過時。

And now I bring that together

儘管這件事好像頗為嚇人，

with the capabilities of current technology

但未必是件壞事。

to create new technology that does make us better,

我花了很多時間研究腦內的迴路，

feel more, connect more.

它創造了我們獨特的感知。

And I believe to do that,

現在我把它和當今科技結合，

we have to be OK losing some of our agency.

創造新技術，令我們更好、

With some animals, it's really amazing,

感受更多、聯繫更多。

and we get to see into their internal experiences.

而我認為要達到這個目的，

We get this upfront look at the mechanistic interaction

我們要接受失去一些自主權。

between how they respond to the world around them

和某些動物在一起時，真的很奇妙。

and the state of their biological systems.

我們可知道牠們的內心經歷。

This is where evolutionary pressures like eating, mating

我們可直接得知

and making sure we don't get eaten

牠們對周圍環境的反應

drive deterministic behavioral responses to information in the world.

和生理系統狀態之間的相互影響。

And we get to see into this window,

這就是來自進化的壓力， 像是進食、交配

into their internal states and their biological experiences.

和確保我們不會被吃掉，

It's really pretty cool.

促使確定性行為 回應我們身邊的資訊。

Now, stay with me for a moment -- I'm a violinist, not a singer.

而我們透過這個窗口，

But the spider's already given me a critical review.

透視牠們的心理狀態及生理變化。

(Video) (Singing in a low pitch)

這真的很酷。

(Singing in a middle pitch)

現在請你們忍受我一會兒。

(Singing in a high pitch)

我是個小提琴手，不是歌唱家。

(Singing in a low pitch)

但這隻蜘蛛已挑剔地批評我。

(Singing in a middle pitch)

(低音唱歌)

(Singing in a high pitch)

(中音唱歌)

(Laughter)

(高音唱歌)

Poppy Crum: It turns out, some spiders tune their webs like violins

(低音唱歌)

to resonate with certain sounds.

(中音唱歌)

And likely, the harmonics of my voice as it went higher

(高音唱歌)

coupled with how loud I was singing

(笑聲)

recreated either the predatory call of an echolocating bat or a bird,

由此可知， 有些蜘蛛會調節自己的蜘蛛網，

and the spider did what it should.

像小提琴一樣調至特定的音階。

It predictively told me to bug off.

同樣地，我唱歌的音調

I love this.

隨分貝數拉高，

The spider's responding to its external world

重新創造類似捕獵者， 蝙蝠或鳥的回聲定位。

in a way that we get to see and know what's happening to its internal world.

而蜘蛛做了牠應該做的事。

Biology is controlling the spider's response;

牠預言性地叫我離開。

it's wearing its internal state on its sleeve.

我愛這樣。

But us, humans --

蜘蛛回應外在環境時，

we're different.

我們藉此看到並了解牠的內心世界。

We like to think we have cognitive control over what people see, know and understand

生理控制著蜘蛛的反應，

about our internal states --

牠把自己最真實的情感流露出來。

our emotions, our insecurities, our bluffs, our trials and tribulations --

但我們，人類 ──

and how we respond.

我們不一樣。

We get to have our poker face.

我們自認能夠控制自己的感知能力。

Or maybe we don't.

像是讓別人怎樣看待、知道和理解

Try this with me.

我們的內心世界、

Your eye responds to how hard your brain is working.

我們的情感、我們的局促不安、

The response you're about to see is driven entirely by mental effort

我們的虛張聲勢、 我們的麻煩和艱難⋯⋯

and has nothing to do with changes in lighting.

及我們的反應。

We know this from neuroscience.

我們需要一張撲克臉。

I promise, your eyes are doing the same thing as the subject in our lab,

但或者，我們其實並不需要。

whether you want them to or not.

跟我一起嘗試這樣做。

At first, you'll hear some voices.

你的眼睛能反映出大腦使用的程度。

Try and understand them and keep watching the eye in front of you.

接下來你看到的反應

It's going to be hard at first,

完全出於心理因素。

one should drop out, and it should get really easy.

和亮度沒有關係。

You're going to see the change in effort in the diameter of the pupil.

我保證這有神經科學的根據。

(Video) (Two overlapping voices talking)

你的眼睛和實驗室受試者的 眼睛會做相同的事，

(Single voice) Intelligent technology depends on personal data.

無論你願意與否。

(Two overlapping voices talking)

首先你會聽到一些聲音。

(Single voice) Intelligent technology depends on personal data.

嘗試去了解， 而且定睛於你面前的眼睛。

PC: Your pupil doesn't lie.

一開始會有點難。

Your eye gives away your poker face.

要放棄真的很容易。

When your brain's having to work harder,

從瞳孔的直徑 你可以看見心理因素的變化。

your autonomic nervous system drives your pupil to dilate.

（兩種聲音重疊） 智能科技仰賴個人數據。

When it's not, it contracts.

（一種聲音）智能科技仰賴個人數據。

When I take away one of the voices,

（兩種聲音重疊） 智能科技仰賴個人數據。

the cognitive effort to understand the talkers

（一種聲音）智能科技仰賴個人數據。

gets a lot easier.

你的瞳孔不會說謊。

I could have put the two voices in different spatial locations,

你的眼睛拆穿了你的撲克臉。

I could have made one louder.

當腦袋愈努力地想事情，

You would have seen the same thing.

自主神經系統驅使瞳孔擴大。

We might think we have more agency over the reveal of our internal state

在相反的情況下，瞳孔縮小。

than that spider,

當只有一種聲音時，

but maybe we don't.

理解說話內容需要的精力減少。

Today's technology is starting to make it really easy

我把兩種聲音分別放在兩個地方，

to see the signals and tells that give us away.

如果我將其中一種聲音調大聲，

The amalgamation of sensors paired with machine learning

出來的效果也是一樣。

on us, around us and in our environments,

我們可能自認為比蜘蛛有更多自主權

is a lot more than cameras and microphones tracking our external actions.

能控制披露自己的內心狀態與否，

Our bodies radiate our stories

但或許不如我們所想像的。

from changes in the temperature of our physiology.

現今科技很容易就讀懂

We can look at these as infrared thermal images

我們內心深處釋出的信號。

showing up behind me,

傳感器連同機器學習，

where reds are hotter and blues are cooler.

與我們、周遭、環境相結合，

The dynamic signature of our thermal response

遠遠不止追蹤我們行動的 相機和麥克風而已。

gives away our changes in stress,

我們身體的生理溫度變化

how hard our brain is working,

輻射出我們的故事。

whether we're paying attention

看看我身後的紅外線溫度圖。

and engaged in the conversation we might be having

紅色代表較高溫，藍色代表低溫。

and even whether we're experiencing a picture of fire as if it were real.

動態的身體溫度徵象

We can actually see people give off heat on their cheeks

讓我們對壓力的反應露了餡，

in response to an image of flame.

我們有多努力用腦想問題，

But aside from giving away our poker bluffs,

我們和別人聊天時是否專注，

what if dimensions of data from someone's thermal response

甚至我們是否像身歷其境遭火炙。

gave away a glow of interpersonal interest?

人們的臉頰真的會散發出熱力

Tracking the honesty of feelings in someone's thermal image

來回應火焰的影像。

might be a new part of how we fall in love and see attraction.

除了假裝冷漠露了餡，

Our technology can listen, develop insights and make predictions

如果反應的人體溫度數據

about our mental and physical health

也讓人際關係露了餡呢？

just by analyzing the timing dynamics of our speech and language

用溫度圖追蹤人的真誠感受

picked up by microphones.

可能是部分墜入愛河 和偵測吸引力的新穎方式。

Groups have shown that changes in the statistics of our language

我們的科技可以聆聽、洞察和預測

paired with machine learning

我們心理和生理的健康，

can predict the likelihood someone will develop psychosis.

只需分析麥克風收到的 語言節奏變化。

I'm going to take it a step further

資料顯示，透過搭配

and look at linguistic changes and changes in our voice

人們的語言變化數據和機器，

that show up with a lot of different conditions.

可以預測一個人有精神病的可能性。

Dementia, diabetes can alter the spectral coloration of our voice.

我將更深入地探討，

Changes in our language associated with Alzheimer's

在不同的情況下，

can sometimes show up more than 10 years before clinical diagnosis.

我們語言和聲音上的改變。

What we say and how we say it tells a much richer story

老年癡呆和糖尿病 可改變聲音中的光譜顏色。

than we used to think.

與阿茲海默症有關的語言變化

And devices we already have in our homes could, if we let them,

能在臨床診斷的前十年就被發現。

give us invaluable insight back.

我們表達的內容和怎樣表達

The chemical composition of our breath

比我們想像中透露出更多資訊。

gives away our feelings.

家中已有的儀器，如果我們允許，

There's a dynamic mixture of acetone, isoprene and carbon dioxide

可以讓它們把珍貴的數據傳送回來。

that changes when our heart speeds up, when our muscles tense,

我們呼吸中的化學成分，

and all without any obvious change in our behaviors.

能透露我們的感覺。

Alright, I want you to watch this clip with me.

由丙酮、異戊二烯和二氧化碳 所組成的混合物成分，

Some things might be going on on the side screens,

在心跳加速、肌肉緊張時不斷變化。

but try and focus on the image in the front

但我們的行為不會有明顯的改變。

and the man at the window.

請你們跟我一同看這段影片。

(Eerie music)

有些東西可能出現在兩旁的螢幕，

(Woman screams)

但嘗試把注意力集中在前面的影像，

PC: Sorry about that. I needed to get a reaction.

和窗戶旁的男人。

(Laughter)

（怪異的音樂）

I'm actually tracking the carbon dioxide you exhale in the room right now.

（女人的尖叫）

We've installed tubes throughout the theater,

抱歉讓你們經歷這些， 我需要你們的反應。

lower to the ground, because CO2 is heavier than air.

（笑聲）

But they're connected to a device in the back

我正追蹤你們在這房間 呼出的二氧化碳。

that lets us measure, in real time, with high precision,

我們在整間講廳安裝了管道，

the continuous differential concentration of CO2.

在地下，

The clouds on the sides are actually the real-time data visualization

因為二氧化碳比空氣重。

of the density of our CO2.

這些管道連接後面的儀器，

You might still see a patch of red on the screen,

可以實時準確地計算

because we're showing increases with larger colored clouds,

一連串的二氧化碳濃度變化。

larger colored areas of red.

旁邊的雲圖顯示出這裡

And that's the point where a lot of us jumped.

二氧化碳濃度。

It's our collective suspense driving a change in carbon dioxide.

你可能見到螢幕上有一小塊紅色，

Alright, now, watch this with me one more time.

因為它顯示有顏色的雲團增多，

(Cheerful music)

紅色的區域增多。

(Woman laughs)

這正是顯示我們被嚇到的時候。

PC: You knew it was coming.

是我們集體的焦慮 導致二氧化碳變化。

But it's a lot different when we changed the creator's intent.

現在再看一次這段影片。

Changing the music and the sound effects

（快樂的音樂）

completely alter the emotional impact of that scene.

（女人的笑聲）

And we can see it in our breath.

你們已經知道會發生什麼事。

Suspense, fear, joy

當我們改變了創作者的意圖， 差別會很大。

all show up as reproducible, visually identifiable moments.

轉換了音樂和音效

We broadcast a chemical signature of our emotions.

完全改變那場景帶來的情緒影響。

It is the end of the poker face.

從我們的呼吸可以知道，

Our spaces, our technology will know what we're feeling.

焦慮、恐懼、歡樂，

We will know more about each other than we ever have.

都顯示可重複性， 視覺上可以辨識的時刻。

We get a chance to reach in and connect to the experience and sentiments

這些化學特質傳達了我們的情緒。

that are fundamental to us as humans

撲克臉的時代將就此終結。

in our senses, emotionally and socially.

我們的空間、科技 將會知道我們的情感。

I believe it is the era of the empath.

我們將前所未有地更了解彼此。

And we are enabling the capabilities that true technological partners can bring

我們有機會在情感上與社交上，

to how we connect with each other and with our technology.

交換那些身為人類

If we recognize the power of becoming technological empaths,

基本擁有的經驗與觀點。

we get this opportunity

我相信這是一個同理心的時代。

where technology can help us bridge the emotional and cognitive divide.

我們正在實現那些能力，

And in that way, we get to change how we tell our stories.

是真正的技術合作夥伴 能夠帶來的能力，

We can enable a better future for technologies like augmented reality

它能夠連結我們彼此，

to extend our own agency and connect us at a much deeper level.

也能連結我們與技術。

Imagine a high school counselor being able to realize

如果意識到我們能用技術 達到同理心的力量，

that an outwardly cheery student really was having a deeply hard time,

我們就掌有機會，

where reaching out can make a crucial, positive difference.

用科技幫助我們跨越 情感和認知的鴻溝。

Or authorities, being able to know the difference

如此一來，我們就能改變敘事的方法。

between someone having a mental health crisis

我們能為「擴增實境」等技術 創造更美好的未來，

and a different type of aggression,

擴大我們的自主權，

and responding accordingly.

並令彼此更深入地連結。

Or an artist, knowing the direct impact of their work.

試想像高中的輔導老師

Leo Tolstoy defined his perspective of art

能注意到表面歡樂的學生 其實正經歷著艱難的日子。

by whether what the creator intended

給予這名學生支持， 藉此得到關鍵且正向的結果。

was experienced by the person on the other end.

或是讓權威人士有能力分辨

Today's artists can know what we're feeling.

一個人是有心理健康障礙

But regardless of whether it's art or human connection,

還是具有侵略性，

today's technologies will know and can know

並根據情況作出回應。

what we're experiencing on the other side,

或者讓藝術工作者 能知曉其作品對人們的影響。

and this means we can be closer and more authentic.

列夫·托爾斯泰將藝術定義為

But I realize a lot of us have a really hard time

創造者透過作品 把自己的想法傳達給觀賞者。

with the idea of sharing our data,

如今藝術工作者能知道我們的感受。

and especially the idea that people know things about us

但無論是藝術或人際的連結，

that we didn't actively choose to share.

當今科技將會知道，能夠知道

Anytime we talk to someone,

我們不為人知的經歷。

look at someone

這代表我們之間會更接近、更真誠。

or choose not to look,

但我明白有很多人抗拒

data is exchanged, given away,

分享與自身相關數據的做法，

that people use to learn,

特別是別人能洞悉

make decisions about their lives and about ours.

我們不想與之分享的想法。

I'm not looking to create a world where our inner lives are ripped open

無論何時當我們和人交談、

and our personal data and our privacy given away

看著別人、

to people and entities where we don't want to see it go.

或不看時，

But I am looking to create a world

數據已被交換並傳遞出去。

where we can care about each other more effectively,

人們利用這些數據了解我們

we can know more about when someone is feeling something

來藉此做了和我們相關的決定。

that we ought to pay attention to.

我不是想創造一個 內心生活要被剖開的世界──

And we can have richer experiences from our technology.

把我們的私人數據和隱私

Any technology can be used for good or bad.

給我們不想給的人看。

Transparency to engagement and effective regulation

我想創造一個世界

are absolutely critical to building the trust for any of this.

可以讓我們更有效地關心彼此。

But the benefits that "empathetic technology" can bring to our lives

當有人需要被關心時，

are worth solving the problems that make us uncomfortable.

我們可以獲得更多資訊。

And if we don't, there are too many opportunities and feelings

科技讓我們有更豐富的經驗。

we're going to be missing out on.

任何科技都可用來行善或犯罪。

Thank you.

參與的透明度和有效的規範，

(Applause)

這兩項要素能幫助科技建立信任。