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  • So two guys walk into a bar.

    兩個人走進酒吧。 (譯註:這是美國常用的笑話開頭。)

  • Really?

    真的嗎?

  • No, seriously.

    不,不是你想得那樣。

  • Two guys walk into a bar,

    兩個人走進酒吧,

  • an ice cream bar:

    應該說冰淇淋吧:

  • Dave, a physicist working on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN,

    Dave 是一位在 CERN 大型強子對撞機(LHC) 工作的物理學家,

  • the European laboratory for particle physics,

    CERN 是歐洲的粒子物理實驗室。

  • and Steve, a blues singer.

    而 Steve 是一位藍調歌手。

  • "Dave, how's it going?"

    「Dave,最近如何?」

  • "Steve, good to see you!"

    「Steve,見到你真好!」

  • "Two scoops of chocolate almond for me."

    「我要兩球巧克力杏仁冰淇淋。」

  • "Vanilla shake."

    「我要香草奶昔。」

  • "Hey, I just saw something about the LHC on TV.

    「嘿!我剛在電視上看到一些關於 LHC 的報導。

  • You guys found bozo in your detector?"

    你們用你們的儀器發現了笨蛋(bozo)?」

  • "Well, not exactly.

    「這個嘛,不完全。

  • We found a boson,

    我們發現了玻色子(boson),

  • probably the Higgs boson."

    可能是希格斯玻色子(Higgs boson)。」

  • "What's that?"

    「那是什麼?」

  • "It's a particle."

    「那是一種粒子。」

  • "Don't you find particles all the time?"

    「你們不是總是在發現粒子嗎?」

  • "Yes, but this one means

    「是沒錯,不過這一次

  • that the Higgs field might really exist."

    可以證明希格斯場(Higgs field) 可能真的存在。」

  • "Field? What field?"

    「場?什麼場?」

  • "The Higgs field.

    「希格斯場。

  • It's named after Peter Higgs,

    它是以彼得.希格斯(Peter Higgs)命名,

  • although many others contributed to the idea.

    不過很多人對這想法也很有貢獻。

  • It isn't a field, like where you grow corn,

    它不是像我們種玉米的那種『場』,

  • but a hypothetical, invisible kind of force field

    而是一個可不見、假設中的『場』,

  • that pervades the whole universe."

    它遍佈在整個宇宙。」

  • "Hmmmm, okay.

    「嗯……好吧。

  • If it pervades the whole universe,

    如果它遍佈在整個宇宙中,

  • how come I've never seen it?

    那我們怎麼沒看過?

  • That's a bit strange."

    這樣有點怪。」

  • "Well, actually, it's not that strange.

    「嗯,事實上它也不是那麼奇怪。

  • Think of the air around us.

    想想看我們周圍的空氣。

  • We can't see it or smell it.

    我們沒辦法看到或聞到它。

  • Well, perhaps in some places we can.

    呃,可能有些時候可以。

  • But we can detect its presence with sophisticated equipment,

    但是我們可以用一些先進設備 來偵測它的存在,

  • like our own bodies.

    比如說我們的身體。

  • So the fact that we can't see something

    所以我們沒辦法看見 某樣東西的這件事實,

  • just makes it a bit harder to determine

    只是讓我們比較難去

  • whether its really there or not."

    分辨這樣東西的存在與否。」

  • "Alright, go on."

    「好吧,你繼續。」

  • "So, we believe this Higgs field is all around us,

    「所以我們相信希格斯場 就在我們周遭,

  • everywhere in the universe.

    在宇宙的各個角落。

  • And what it does is rather special -

    而讓它非常特別的是

  • it gives mass to elementary particles."

    ──它賦予基本粒子質量。」

  • "What's an elementary particle?"

    「什麼是基本粒子?」

  • "An elementary particle is what we call

    「基本粒子就是我們所說的

  • particles that have no structure,

    沒有額外結構的粒子,

  • they can't be divided,

    它們沒辦法再分割,

  • they're the basic building blocks of the universe."

    它們是這宇宙的基本構成要素。」

  • "I thought those were atoms."

    「我以為那些就是原子。」

  • "Well, atoms are actually made of smaller components,

    「這個,原子事實上是由更小的東西所組成,

  • protons, neutrons, and electrons.

    質子、中子、還有電子。

  • While electrons are fundamental particles,

    其中電子是基本粒子,

  • neutrons and protons are not.

    而中子和質子不是。

  • They are made up of other fundamental particles called quarks."

    它們是由另一種叫夸克(quark) 的基本粒子所組成。」

  • "Sounds like Russian dolls.

    「聽起來好像俄羅斯娃娃。

  • Does it ever end?"

    這會有結果嗎?」

  • "Actually, we don't really know.

    「老實說,我們不知道。

  • But our current understanding

    但我們目前的理解

  • is called the Standard Model.

    是叫做「標準模型」。

  • In it, there are two types of fundamental particles:

    在這之中,有兩類的基本粒子:

  • the fermions, that make up matter,

    費米子(fermion), 它構成質量;

  • and the bosons, that carry forces.

    還有玻色子, 它承載力量。

  • We often order these particles

    我們常常會把粒子

  • according to their properties, such as mass.

    依照它們的性質作排列,比如說質量。

  • We can measure the masses of the particles,

    我們可以測量粒子的質量,

  • but we never really knew where this mass came from

    但我們一直沒辦法了解 質量是從哪來、

  • or why they have the masses they do."

    或是為什麼它們擁有各自的質量。」

  • "So how does this Higgs field thing explain mass?"

    「那,這個希格斯場 要怎麼解釋質量呢?」

  • "Well, when a particle passes through the Higgs field,

    「嗯,當一個粒子通過希格斯場的時候,

  • it interacts and gets mass.

    它們會交互作用,然後獲得質量。

  • The more it interacts, the more mass it has."

    它們交互作用得愈多, 它就擁有愈多的質量。」

  • "OK, I kind of get that, but is it really that important?

    「好吧,我大概了解, 不過它真的那麼重要嗎?

  • I mean, what if there were no Higgs field?"

    我的意思是,如果這世上沒希格斯場呢?」

  • "If there were no Higgs field,

    「如果沒有希格斯場,

  • the world wouldn't exist at all.

    這世界根本不會存在。

  • There would be no stars, no planets, no air, no anything,

    不會有恆星、不會有行星、 沒有空氣,什麼都沒有。

  • not even that spoon or the ice cream you're eating."

    甚至不會有你眼前的 湯匙和冰淇淋。」

  • "Oh, that would be bad.

    「噢,這樣就不太好。

  • Okay, but where does this Higgs boson fit into things?"

    好吧,但是希格斯玻色子是如何 和其它東西作用呢?」

  • "Alright, now, you see the cherry in my shake?"

    「好,你有看到我這奶昔上的櫻桃吧?」

  • "Can I have it?"

    「我可以吃嗎?」

  • "No, not yet. We have to use it as an analogy first."

    「不行,還不行。我們要先拿它當作 一個比方。」

  • "Oh, right, the cherry's the Higgs boson."

    「噢,對!這櫻桃就是希格斯玻色子。」

  • "No, not quite.

    「不,不完全。

  • The cherry is a particle moving through the Higgs field, the shake.

    櫻桃是在希格斯場移動的粒子, 而奶昔就是這個場。

  • The shake gives the cherry its mass."

    是奶昔給了櫻桃質量。」

  • "I get it. Okay, so the molecules of the shake are the Higgs bosons!"

    「我知道了。好吧,所以奶昔的分子 就是希格斯玻色子!」

  • "Well, you're getting closer.

    「嗯,你更接近了。

  • It takes an excitation of the Higgs field

    要讓希格斯產生希格斯玻色子

  • to produce the Higgs boson.

    必須加點額外的刺激。

  • So, for example, if I were to add energy

    比如說,如果我要增加一些能量,

  • by, say, dropping this cherry in the shake,"

    像是,放一顆櫻桃在這奶昔裡……」

  • "Ah, then the drops that spill on the bar

    「噢,那麼濺到桌面的那些

  • are the Higgs bosons."

    就是希格斯玻色子。」

  • "Almost! The splash itself is the Higgs boson."

    「幾乎對了!這濺出來的部份 本身是希格斯玻色子。」

  • "Are you serious?"

    「你是認真的嗎?」

  • "Well, that's what quantum mechanics teaches us.

    「嗯,這是量子力學教我們的。

  • In fact, all particles are excitations of fields."

    事實上,所有粒子都是 某些場的激發狀態。」

  • "Okay, right. Well, I kind of see why you like particle physics,

    「好。那,我好像開始了解 為什麼你喜歡粒子物理了,

  • it's quite cool,

    它真的蠻酷的,

  • strange, but cool."

    怪怪的,但是很酷。」

  • "Yeah, you could call it a bit strange,

    「是啦,你也可以說它有點怪,

  • it's not like everyday life.

    它不像日常生活中所見的那樣。

  • The Higgs boson is an excitation of the Higgs field.

    希格斯玻色子是希格斯場的一種激發。

  • By finding the Higgs boson,

    藉由發現希格斯玻色子,

  • we know that the Higgs field exists."

    我們就可以知道希格斯場存在。」

  • "Right. So now you found it,

    「對。所以你找到了,

  • we know this Higgs field exists.

    你知道希格斯場存在。

  • You must be done.

    你們應該完成了。

  • Is there anything left of particle physics?"

    那粒子物理裡還有什麼沒發現嗎?」

  • "Actually, we've just begun.

    「事實上,我們這只是剛開始。

  • It's a bit like, you know, when Columbus thought

    它就像是,當哥倫布認為

  • he had found a new route to India.

    他找到去印度的新航線一樣。

  • He'd, indeed, found something new,

    他確實發現了新東西,

  • but not quite what he was expecting.

    不過和他所想的並不完全一樣。

  • So, first, we need to make sure that the boson we found

    所以首先,我們必須先確認 我們找到的玻色子

  • is actually the Higgs boson.

    確實就是希格斯玻色子。

  • It seems to fit, but we need to measure

    它看起來蠻像的,但是我們必須觀測

  • its properties to be sure."

    它的一些性質磁能確認。」

  • "How'd you do that?"

    「你們要怎麼做呢?」

  • "Take a lot more data.

    「取得大量的資料。

  • This new boson lives for only a very short time

    這個新的玻色子只會存活 非常短的一段時間,

  • before it breaks down or decays

    然後它就分裂、或是衰變

  • into lighter, more stable particles.

    變成更輕、更穩定的粒子。

  • By measuring these particles,

    藉由觀測這些粒子,

  • you learn about the properties of the boson."

    我們就可以知道這玻色子的一些性質。」

  • "And what exactly are you looking for?"

    「那你們究竟在找什麼呢?」

  • "Well, the Standard Model predicts how often

    「嗯,標準模型預測了希格斯玻色子

  • and in what ways the Higgs boson would decay

    衰變的頻率、以及它會用什麼方式

  • to the various, lighter particles.

    衰變成其它不同的更輕的粒子。

  • So we want to see if the particle we have found

    所以我們想要看看我們找到的粒子

  • is the one predicted by the Standard Model

    是不是像標準模型預測的那樣,

  • or if it fits into other possible theoretical models."

    還是說它比較符合其它的理論模型。」

  • "And if it fits a different model?"

    「那如果它符合其它模型呢?」

  • "That would be even more exciting!

    「這樣就更有趣了!

  • In fact, that's how science advances.

    事實上,這就是科學會進步的原因。

  • We replace old models with new ones

    如果新的理論能更好地 解釋我們的觀察,

  • if they better explain our observations."

    那我們就用新的來取代舊的。」

  • "Right, so it seems like finding this Higgs boson

    「對,所以看起來找到希格斯玻色子

  • gives a direction for exploration,

    指出了探索的方向,

  • a bit like that Columbus guy heading west."

    有點像是哥倫布決定往西走一樣。」

  • "Exactly! And this is really just the beginning."

    「完全正確!這真的只是開頭而已。」

So two guys walk into a bar.

兩個人走進酒吧。 (譯註:這是美國常用的笑話開頭。)

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