Name: GO (遊戲) - WikiVidi 紀錄片 (GO (game) - WikiVidi Documentary)
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Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players, in which the aim is

to surround more territory than the opponent. The game was invented in ancient China more

than 2,500 years ago, and is therefore believed

to be the oldest board game continuously played today.

It was considered one of the four essential arts of the cultured aristocratic Chinese scholars in

antiquity. The earliest written reference

to the game is generally recognized as the historical annal Zuo Zhuan.

Despite its relatively simple rules, Go is very complex, even more so than chess. Compared to chess,

Go has both a larger board with more scope for play and longer games, and, on average,

many more alternatives to consider per move. The playing pieces are called "stones".

One player uses the white stones and the other, black.

The players take turns placing the stones on the vacant intersections of a board

with a 19×19 grid of lines. Beginners often play on smaller 9×9 and 13×13 boards,

and archaeological evidence shows that the game was played in earlier centuries on a board

with a 17×17 grid. However, boards with a 19×19 grid had become standard

by the time the game had reached Korea in the 5th century CE

and later Japan in the 7th century CE. Once placed on the board, stones may not be moved,

but stones are removed from the board when "captured". Capture happens when a stone

or group of stones is surrounded by opposing stones on all orthogonally-adjacent points.

The game proceeds until neither player wishes to make another move;

the game has no set ending conditions beyond this. When a game concludes,

the territory is counted along with captured stones and komi to determine the winner.

Games may also be terminated by resignation. As of mid-2008, there were well

over 40 million Go players worldwide, the overwhelming majority of them living in East Asia.

the International Go Federation has a total of 75 member countries

and four Association Membership organizations in multiple countries.

[^]  Go is an adversarial game with the objective of surrounding a larger total area of the board

with one's stones than the opponent. As the game progresses,

the players position stones on the board to map out formations and potential territories.

Contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in the expansion,

reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formation stones.

[^]  A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one "liberty"

to remain on the board. A "liberty" is an open "point" bordering the group.

An enclosed liberty is called an "eye", and a group of stones with two or more eyes is said

to be unconditionally "alive". Such groups cannot be captured, even if surrounded. A group

with one eye or no eyes is "dead" and cannot resist eventual capture. The general strategy is

to expand one's territory, attack the opponent's weak groups, and always stay mindful of the

"life status" of one's own groups. The liberties of groups are countable. Situations

where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races,

or semeai. In a capturing race, the group with more liberties will ultimately be able

to capture the opponent's stones. Capturing races and the elements of life

or death are the primary challenges of Go.

A player may pass on determining that the game offers no further opportunities

for profitable play. The game ends when both players pass, and is then scored. For each player,

the number of captured stones is subtracted from the number of controlled points in "liberties"

or "eyes", and the player with the greater score wins the game. Games may also be won

In the opening stages of the game, players typically establish positions in the corners

and around the sides of the board. These bases help

to quickly develop strong shapes which have many options for life and establish formations

for potential territory. Players usually start in the corners,

because establishing territory is easier with the aid of two edges of the board.

Established corner opening sequences are called "joseki" and are often studied independently.

"Dame" are points that lie in-between the boundary walls of black and white,

and as such are considered to be of no value to either side. "Seki"

are mutually alive pairs of white and black groups where neither has two eyes. A "ko"

is a repeated-position shape that may be contested by making forcing moves elsewhere.

After the forcing move is played, the ko may be "taken back" and returned to its original position.

Some "ko fights" may be important and decide the life of a large group,

while others may be worth just one or two points. Some ko fights are referred to as "picnic kos"

when only one side has a lot to lose. The Japanese call it a hanami ko. Playing

with others usually requires a knowledge of each player's strength, indicated by the player's rank.

A difference in rank may be compensated by a handicap—Black is allowed to place two

or more stones on the board to compensate for White's greater strength.

There are different rule-sets, which are almost entirely equivalent, except

for certain special-case positions. Aside from the order of play and scoring rules,

there are essentially only two rules in Go: Almost all other information about how the game is

played is a heuristic, meaning it is learned information about how the game is played, rather

than a rule. Other rules are specialized, as they come about through different rule-sets,

but the above two rules cover almost all of any played game.

Although there are some minor differences between rule sets used in different countries,

most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules,

these differences do not greatly affect the tactics and strategy of the game. Except where noted,

the basic rules presented here are valid independent of the scoring rules used.

The scoring rules are explained separately. Go terms

for which there are no ready English equivalent are commonly called by their Japanese names.

take turns placing a stone of their own color on a vacant point of the grid on a Go board.

Black plays first. If there is a large difference in skill between the players,

the weaker player typically uses Black and is allowed to place two or more stones on the board

to compensate for the difference. The official grid comprises 19×19 lines,

though the rules can be applied to any grid size. 13×13 and 9×9 boards are popular choices

to teach beginners, or for playing quick games. Once placed, a stone may not be moved

and horizontally adjacent stones of the same color form a chain that cannot subsequently be

subdivided and, in effect, becomes a single larger stone. Only stones immediately connected

to one another by the lines on the board create a chain;

stones that are diagonally adjacent are not connected. Chains may be expanded

by placing additional stones on adjacent intersections, and can be connected together

by placing a stone on an intersection that is adjacent to two or more chains of the same color.

[^]  A vacant point adjacent to a stone is called a liberty for that stone.

Stones in a chain share their liberties. A chain of stones must have at least one liberty

to remain on the board. When a chain is surrounded by opposing stones so that it has no liberties,

it is captured and removed from the board.

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GO (遊戲) - WikiVidi 紀錄片 (GO (game) - WikiVidi Documentary)

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