We explain medical things in simple terms. So that sounds good. Why not come and join our community here on YouTube

I've had many of you request this including Hataraku Saibou, just the other day

He says hey wondering if you can check out an animated show called cells or work. So let's do it

Quite a funky intro it looks like these are the red blood cells carrying the oxygen around

I'm hoping that it is subtitled. Otherwise, it's going to be a really strange review

00:00:45,810 --> 00:00:52,580 oh my, wait, falling zombies in your body think I'm gonna like this show if this is how they're showing how

Viruses infect cells by showing them as zombies. That is a brilliant

Analogy and hopefully I can take some of that and use it in my teaching because that is exactly how viruses work

They can't replicate on their own. They need a host to do so kind of like a zombie

Just from all those cool imagery from the intro and the fact I'm a huge pathology nerd

I can tell I'm really gonna enjoy this show

Yes, as I thought from the intro it follows a red blood cell here I'm a big fan of the red blood cell

So it's good to see them in action

So just to remind you guys that red blood cells are thus main cells in the blood they give the blood its color

And their job is to take oxygen from the lungs and take it to the tissue and the way they do that is each cell

Is packed full of this protein with?

Iron core called hemoglobin which binds the oxygen to it

00:02:19,880 --> 00:02:22,540 Right, so we have quite early on an

Infection so looks like the endothelial cells to the cells that line the blood vessels have been damaged

So nice little touch there to hear the nasties. I think they're most likely

bacteria because you see these

Tentacle things that are coming out from them. They're most likely

Some of the structures that are on the bacteria. Let me show you quickly

So let's draw a basic

Bacterium so we have a cell membrane just like our cells do have a nucleoid

Containing their DNA. So it's not quite as advanced as our nucleus

They have some ribosomes which are kind of the factories that take the DNA and then turn it into useful protein so they can maintain

Themselves and they have a cell wall. Which our

Cells do not have because bacteria a single cellular organism

So they need the cell wall to protect themselves for an environment where as ourselves

they tend to be specialized to

certain jobs and therefore they don't need a cell wall because they rely on all the other cells of the body to make a

Perfect environment for which they can function so the tentacle-like structures that we see in this bacterium are likely to be either

pili or embryo these kind of hairlike projections now their job is a very crude kind of

Communication system so there's another bacteria here

they can communicate via transferring of

DNA and RNA via these kind of little hairs or more likely it may be what's called a flagella

So a kind of tail like projection that's used for

Motility and as a kind of crude sensory organ by the bacteria

Cause it'll get you caught you jerk are you this is pretty darn accurate

so the neutrophils are the most common white blood cell and they as we can see here their job is to be badass and

To kill any kind of nasties in the body in this adaptation. They have knives. That's right

Imagine how lethal our immune system would be with knives in reality. Our white blood cells are even more badass

They eat the bad guys we go this

phagocytosis

Imagine your local police station dealing with criminals that way. Oh you are pretty mad

They also released enzymes and toxic chemicals that help break down the pathogens - I'm talking about white blood cells now not police officers

I

Like all the little so posting to all the other areas of the body as well

Which hopefully will get explored in other episodes and little things like the valves appearing on the venous system

So as the Bloods going back to the lungs, it actually moves under very low pressure

So need vows to stop it going back in the wrong direction

The action sequences and the storytelling and the sound is so well done

I'm not I'm not a huge anime fan. Maybe I need to look at some more stuff. It's absolutely brilliant really compelling

So one bacteria survived the initial immune response

And we see some of its defensive tactics in this case a capsule in

Reality a capsule isn't something that's deployed like a cargo net

It's really just part of the cell wall sits outside of the bacteria and it makes it harder to be Faygo saito

So it kind of like somebody ruining a meal the neutrophils no longer wanting to eat that because it's covered

It's something it doesn't like to here's our bacteria again. So we have the cell membrane the cell wall

and now this one is gonna have a

capsule

Surrounding it to make it harder for the neutrophils to phagocytose

The neutrophil recognize this bacterium as pneumococcus or to give its full name

streptococcus pneumoniae

this kind of identification of bacteria is

Really kind of important than your body kind of does it in two ways it either has this

Innate immunity and that's when it just knows something's bad or it has this

adaptive immunity where your body learns which things are bad for you and so your immune system or effective at

Attacking them later on in this example

I think we're demonstrating an eighth immunity because this neutrophil just knows this guy is bad

in reality this happens because the

bacterial have lots of proteins on its surface called receptors and the neutrophil will fill those proteins kind of like

Somebody feeling a Christmas present and then if it doesn't like what it's feeling it'll Faygo site

Oh, so it will eat the bad guy. Is that a good analogy? Who knows where is adaptive immunity mainly revolves around producing antibodies

Based on what we learnt from breaking down the bacteria

During Faygo cytosis. So it takes a little bit longer to kick this process off and to produce the antibodies against it

This is also why children are more like to get infections because they don't have that adaptive immunity yet

so as the more and more bugs

they see the more and more their immune system recognizes it and

Can you know put antibodies in place to stop them having infections like that in the future to keep your job. Are you?

Beautiful

And as they show here pneumococcus can cause some really nasty

infections most notably meningitis and pneumonia

an infection of the air sacs of the lungs

this is a way to get its name from so pneumo comes from the Greek means to breathe or lungs and

caucus is the rounded shape of the bacterium one way that we classify bacteria is kind of the shape they form so

Cocky would just be a single round of bacteria a dip like okay with where the bacteria form colonies together

streptococcus would be ones where they form a kind of chain like structure and the

Staphylococcus where they form a kind of great like structure pneumococcus is actually a streptococcus because it forms these chain like colonies

Are you okay? Call me today consult your circuits, you know, the mighty monster. Hi Connie we do size to it

They can you cannot figure you

Johanna Holly, so when they talk about your world ending and pneumococcal bacteremia

It's so well done. What a brilliant way to show how infection can be so serious

So just to remind you guys bacteremia back to obviously comes from the bacteria and emia means blood

So bacteremia is where we get infection spreading through the bloodstream and this can lead to something called

Sepsis a kind of life-threatening condition where you get your organs end up failing

So this show has just tweaked a distant childhood memory. I remember watching a show in the 1980s about the human body

I just googled it here. It's called once upon a time life

Do you guys do any of you remember that I'd like to check that out

And here we have the helper T cells in their coordination role within the immune system, which is exactly what they do or they

Can't remember loads about them be dusting off my immunology textbooks after I do this video

But the they're part of the adaptive immune response

So the one we talked about earlier where your body learns to be better at fighting infections the more it sees

The more it sees them

So cytotoxic t-cells are ones that have matured to kill your own cells

You might think why on earth. Would you ever want part your view system to kill your own cells?

Well, your cells can be infected by things like

bacteria for intracellular bacteria or

Viruses and also have its DNA modified by things like cancers

In all these examples you'd want to kill the cell to stop it replicating and to stop it causing more damage

I wouldn't expect it to be useful in a kind of pneumococcus response because pneumococcus is an extracellular bacteria

So it doesn't live within our cells

So therefore I think a cytotoxic T cell response wouldn't really be effective in this scenario. I

Can totally empathize with the red blood cells getting lost around the human body

That's pretty much how you spend half of medical school around the wards

Aha

Okay, so the pneumococcus was hiding with the red blood cell so we talked about it mainly been

Extracellular, so it doesn't actually go into cells but this isn't really kind of a hard and fast rule

Bacteria can have part of their life cycles in and out of the cell. They just cause all sorts of trouble

so I don't know specifically in the case of

Temporary safety along with the red blood cell

And here he is I love that

Sort of scientific basis as well that he says it's a migrating. So he's absolutely right

So neutrophils can just go anywhere really wherever their affections needed pretty cool

Yeah, so we talked earlier about the caps

You're not being some kind of cargo net that the bacteria deploys but more actually a protective layer

Around here that stops it gain phagocytosis. And now we see the white blood cell unable to attack it

The action sequences us

Sir attorney morality loss Keke's aha

Okay, got it very good so this is the mucus represents the mucus being produced so obviously our bodies need oxygen

From the environment so part of the price we pay for getting oxygen for the environment is we need to expose ourselves

to the environment so viruses and bacteria can get into our respiratory tract and they very often do

We don't just rely on the immune system later on to deal with infections

There are lots of defenses before we even get to the immune system

one of them is we produce mucus in our respiratory tract now mucus provides a physical barrier between

Any kind of bacteria and our tissues and they kind of get stuck in this mucus and we then have these hairs called cilia

So together the mucus and the ciliary make up the mucociliary escalator

so this mucus then gets moved up out the respiratory tract and

Then so it's the mucus sticks and then the ciliary

eradicate and

Then it comes out of the respira trap. So I'm guessing at this point

We're about to see a big old cough to eject this pneumococcus out of the body. So let's find out

Yeah

Okay, so not so much a big cough rather said a sneeze missile

Brilliant ending

brilliant show

That was freaking awesome

Not just because I'm a physiology and pathology nerd but the story the animation and the stuff they did with it

Absolutely knocked it out the park definitely going to be covering more of these episodes on the channel

They are right up my street and I'd recommend you guys checking them out beforehand

So look at the description down below and you can see where you can view all the episodes and then subscribe to my channel obviously

So you'll be notified when I take a look at them a weekend

You can hear my thoughts about it and keep your recommendations coming because I would never have found this show without you guys

So thank you so much and just thank you for all that continued support on the channel. So until next time I'll see you soon