In rich countries you just take the toilet for granted.

在富裕的國家，你只是把廁所當成了理所當然。

It's magical that there is a sewer system bringing water in,

很神奇的是，有一個下水道系統將水引入。

taking away the waste and it all gets cleaned up in a processing plant.

把廢物帶走，然後在加工廠裡全部清理乾淨。

However, for the poorest two and a half billion in the world,

然而，對於世界上最貧窮的25億人來說。

they don't have this.

他們沒有這個。

It's unaffordable.

這是無法承受的。

We can't build that for everyone in the world.

我們不能為世界上每一個人建造。

For some of the poorest, their toilet may look like this:

對於一些最貧窮的人來說，他們的廁所可能是這樣的。

a pit latrine.

坑式廁所。

The waste here is not processed.

這裡的垃圾沒有經過處理。

It's still going to get out into the community.

還是要到社會上去的。

They smell terrible!

他們聞起來很臭！

But everybody should have great sanitation.

但每個人都應該有很好的衛生條件。

A toilet in their house that is comfortable and doesn't smell awful.

他們家的廁所，既舒服又不會有難聞的味道。

Not only does a toilet make your life comfortable,

馬桶不僅能讓你的生活變得舒適。

getting rid of that waste is key to human health.

擺脫這些廢物是人類健康的關鍵。

It's unprocessed waste that causes most of the diarrheal diseases.

是未經處理的廢物導致了大部分的腹瀉疾病。

It ends up with lots of kids being malnourished.

最後導致很多孩子營養不良。

So how do we solve this?

那麼我們該如何解決這個問題呢？

Well some scientists that I work with

一些和我一起工作的科學家

said that we should challenge the world

說，我們應該向世界挑戰

to come up with a way of taking the waste and processing it locally.

想出一個辦法，把廢物就地處理。

We call this the program to reinvent the toilet.

我們稱之為重塑廁所的計劃。

Several reinvented toilets are being tested right now in Durban, South Africa.

目前，南非德班正在測試幾款改造後的馬桶。

Durban's a good place to run these tests

德班是進行這些測試的好地方。

because the city is growing fast,

因為這個城市發展很快。

and many people there don't have modern sanitation

而且那裡的許多人沒有現代化的衛生設施。

which means that even if they have access to a toilet,

這意味著，即使他們有機會上廁所。

the waste can get into the environment and make people sick.

廢物會進入環境，使人生病。

A typical toilet needs water,

典型的馬桶需要水。

but many of the new approaches don't require any water at all.

但許多新方法根本不需要任何水。

Some of them don't need electricity either.

有些人也不需要電。

Others run on solar power.

還有一些是靠太陽能運行的。

All of them remove the pathogens from the waste.

它們都能清除廢物中的病原體。

And most importantly,

而最重要的是。

they don't have to be connected to the city sewer system.

他們不必連接到城市下水道系統。

I'm optimistic that eventually we'll find approaches

我很樂觀地認為，最終我們會找到的方法

that make great sanitation available to everyone.

讓每個人都能享受到良好的衛生條件；