My story starts in Moscow.

I was 15 years old.

My best friend and I, we were part of a group of Westerners,

visiting the Soviet Union.

This was in 1987,

a few years before the fall of the communist regime.

We were given an official tour guide who was assigned to us.

And the tour would start in the morning,

and we were checked in to our hotel rooms for the night.

My friend said to me, ''Let's go outside and look at the city.''

I thought it was a great idea.

Dumb idea.

So we grabbed our coats, and we snuck out past security and into the street.

We found the entrance to the metro.

The Moscow underground transportation system is the deepest one in the world.

The ride down the escalator took a full minute.

Once we were down there, my friend headed right to an open train,

and I pulled him back and said, "Wait!

Let's write down the name of the station so we can find our way back."

So I had a notepad, and I took a notepad,

and I wrote down the letters of the station,

and we hopped down the train and went on train hopping.

And that was fun because -

Well, actually, it was weird.

There were a lot of people, probably all coming home from work.

They were all dressed in brown and gray clothes,

and it looked very, very different from what we were used to at home.

But the stations were lovely.

There were stations with statues, with paintings on the wall,

and glass displays.

It was really like museums.

We would never have expected that.

And everything was perfectly clean.

Well,

what was weird though is that the people - nobody seemed to speak,

and everyone seemed to be looking at us and it kind of weirded us out.

So after about 20-30 minutes,

we'd had enough and we wanted to go home.

I showed my note to someone and they directed me over there.

Then over there, I showed my note to another person,

and they directed us to the other way.

And then a third person directed us sideways.

That was a little confusing.

Aw, then I saw it.

Over the stairs, the sign.

It turned out I had written down the Russian word for "Exit."

(Laughter)

So we headed upstairs and we found a taxi.

That was great.

And we told the driver, you know, "Intourist Hotel,"

and then he was willing to take us.

And I remember sitting next to the driver, handing him 50 rubles.

And he looked at me and he said,

(Russian) No, dollar!

(Laughter)

Fifty dollars?

That was like I don't know 20 times that amount or something.

That was not an option for us.

So we had to get out of the taxi,

and he drove away, leaving us standing there.

It was a cold night,

and you know everything was strange for us,

and we were teenagers,

and we were pretty nervous, didn't know what to do.

Well, we started walking.

We walked to the end of the block.

We turned the corner.

And 200 yards in front of us, the Intourist Hotel.

(Laughter)

Well, this experience affected me in two ways.

The first is that anytime after this trip that I would hear anyone speak Russian,

I was just cringe.

(Laughter)

And the second one is that it taught me the importance

of understanding the local language when you're traveling.

And it actually led to me learning another four languages fluently

over the following years.

Now, before I go on, I'd like to know in the audience -

Can we have a little bit of light maybe in the audience?

I'd just like to know who's -

By a show of hands, who is not a native English speaker?

It must be 99%.

(Laughter)

Anyone who doesn't speak English, stand up!

(Laughter)

Alright, so I can assume

all of you have, you know, gone through the process of learning a language.

Anybody who speaks three or more languages?

Wow, that's maybe 70%.

Four or more languages, anyone?

That's still quite a bit.

Anyone speak five or more languages?

Wow, come see me during the break.

(Laughter)

To me, learning a language is...

For me, it's like a deck of playing cards lying faced down on the table.

As you start learning and understanding, the cards start opening up for you.

Now there's no standard way of classifying this.

But as you learn, you reach certain milestones.

And the first one would be when about 25% of the cards are turned up,

you reach like a basic level.

At this level, you have a base vocabulary, some grammar,

and you're able to have maybe very simple conversations

and communicate a little bit.

And your study goes on until you reach this magical point of fluency,

what we call being fluent in the language.

Now what does it mean, being fluent in a language?

It means that you've turned up more than 50% of the cards in the deck,

and that is the point where you have -

where the language becomes part of your subconscious

so that even if you don't use it anymore for 10 years or longer,

you will not forget it.

You can get back into it within a very, very short time.

So this is a level where you're comfortable thinking in a language,

and comfortable communicating in a language.

Now, some people go on and, you know, reach like a mastery level.

By that time, you know classic literature in the other language

and have maybe in-depth knowledge of specialized fields.

That's often the point taken in academia.

For me, when I learned my first foreign language,

I had a head start

because I was born to a German-speaking mother and an American father.

Now, when I was a baby, I didn't really understand

that what my parents were speaking to me were two separate languages.

But by the time I was two years old, I had figured it all out.

Women speak only German.

(Laughter)

Men only speak English.

(Laughter)

Imagine the fun my parents had when they introduced me to couples.

(Laughter)

Being a bilingual was actually pretty helpful in learning my first language.

It definitely helped.

If you're -

But it also gave me something else.

It gave me two identities and the ability to switch between them.

When you're a native speaker of more than one language,

then your personality, your humor, your value system,

they change as you switch languages.

This can have huge advantages.

I mean, some studies have shown an increased problem-solving ability

or even a higher resistance to Alzheimer's disease.

But what I'm almost interested in

is that it's actually given me a lot of social benefits.

When you're a native speaker,

then you feel at home among native speakers or in a culture,

and also native speakers accept you as one of theirs.

Now is this only relevant to native speakers?

And that's the big question.

But wouldn't it be cool

if a person learning a foreign language could actually develop another identity

and actually enjoy the social benefits of a native speaker

that go beyond communication skills?

Well, that's what happened to me.

I was able to do that,

and I want to show you from my experience how I think this can be achieved.

So if we say this green area here is the level of the native speaker,

the first thing to note is that on your way to reaching fluency,

there is not really any shortcut.

There are some methods that you can use such as the Burrito Principle

where you identify 20% of the most effective materials to study.

There are some apps, like stuff for time-spaced learning,

that increase vocabulary retention.

They save a little time,

but in the end, there's no way around working with the material, practicing it,

until you reach the fluency level.

But the second thing to note

is that going from fluency to mastery is a much slower process,

and it requires proportionally more effort.

That's why most people - they just stop at fluency.

They know how to speak English, good enough,

and they don't even attempt to venture on,

and I can understand it.

But the good news is,

to get the benefits of a native speaker, at a native-speaker level,

you don't have to go through mastery in the academic sense.

In fact, you can skip this step altogether.

So if you think about it,

there are many native speakers do not have an in-depth knowledge

of specialized fields or sophisticated vocabulary.

So, that's not really what is required.

So how do you do it? What is required?

Well,

I want to give you three areas to focus on

when you're learning and interacting with native speakers.

The first is: work on eliminating your accent.

I'm aware I said eliminating.

It should be at least minimizing it.

This is, in my opinion, the most overlooked aspect

of language learning today,

but it's also the most important one

to reach what I call a native-speaker level or a speaker-like level.

If you communicate without an accent or almost without an accent,

this changes how natives behave towards you unconsciously,

and it also gives you an ability to adapt to a new self-image.

The best way that I've found -

the best exercise I've found to improve your pronunciation

is what I call the perfect-sentence technique.

What you do is you find a native speaker to help you,

and you take a book in the foreign language,

you open it at a random page,

and you read the first sentence.

Then, you ask a native speaker to rate you

on obvious accent, slight accent, no accent.

Then the native speaker will read this sentence back to you.

You have to listen carefully and then you repeat.

And you repeat this process over and over until the native speaker tells you

that he can no longer hear an accent when you read the sentence.

Now, I realize it can take a very long time

even just to get one sentence right.

But I promise you

if you are persistent, and if you patiently work on this,

you'll be amazed by what happens to your accent.

The second area to focus on is using verbs and expressions that locals use.

Now, we all know the situation that vocabulary can be region-specific.

Like, in the US, you use "stand in line."

In the UK, you "queue."

That's all good.

But sometimes, the spoken word is so different,

the speech is so different from what you get in textbooks,

that the books are almost useless if you want to converse with natives.

I want to give you an example.

In the French language, there are words like "le travail,"

which is "my work."

A French person talking to his friend would probably say "mon boulot,"

which is a completely different word.

The same for "the clothes," "le vestments,"

but you'll hear "le fringues."

Or money is "l'argent,"

but people say "le fric," "le sou," or many other expressions for this.

So, obviously I'm only scratching the surface here.

But here you actually have to learn all of these words and expressions one by one.

And of course, you have to interact with natives to do that.

But after you reach a critical mass that you're comfortable with,

it'll actually be easier when you encounter something new.

You'll just pick it up in one go, like native speakers would,