WILSON WHITE: Good afternoon, everyone, especially

for those of you who are here in California.

My name is Wilson White, and I'm on the public policy

and government relations team here in California.

We have an exciting talk for you today as part of our Talks

at Google series, as well as a series of conversations

we're having around AI ethics and technology ethics more

generally.

So today, I'm honored to have Professor Yuval Noah

Harari with us.

Yuval is an Israeli historian and a professor at the Hebrew

University of Jerusalem.

He is a dynamic speaker, thinker, and now

an international bestselling author.

He's the author of three books.

We're going to talk about each of those books today.

The first book he published in 2014, "Sapien," which explored

some of our history as humans.

His second book in 2016 had an interesting take on our future

as humans.

It was "Homo Deus."

And then recently published a new book,

the "21 Lessons for the 21st Century,"

which attempts to grapple with some of the issues,

the pressing issues that we are facing today.

So we'll talk about some of the themes in each of those books

as we go through our conversation.

But collectively, his writings explore very big concepts

like free will and consciousness and intelligence.

So we'll have a lot to explore with Yuval today.

So with that, please join me in welcoming Professor Yuval

to Google.

[APPLAUSE]

YUVAL NOAH HARARI: Hello.

WILSON WHITE: Thank you, Professor, for joining us.

Before getting started, I have to say

that when the announcement went out

across Google about this talk, I got several emails

from many Googlers around the world who told me

that they had either read or are currently reading

one or multiple of your books.

So if you are contemplating a fourth book,

maybe on the afterlife, no spoilers

during this conversation.

I want to start with maybe some of the themes in both

your current book, "21 Lessons," as well

as "Homo Deus," because I'm the father of two young kids.

I have two daughters, a five-year-old

and a three-year-old.

And the future that you paint in "Homo Deus" is interesting.

So I'd like to ask you, what should I

be teaching my daughters?

YUVAL NOAH HARARI: That nobody knows

how the world would look like in 2050,

except that it will be very different from today.

So the most important things to emphasize in education

are things like emotional intelligence

and mental stability, because the one thing

that they will need for sure is the ability

to reinvent themselves repeatedly

throughout their lives.

It's really first time in history

that we don't really know what particular skills to teach

young people, because we just don't

know in what kind of world they will be living.

But we do know they will have to reinvent themselves.

And especially if you think about something like the job

market, maybe the greatest problem they will face

will be psychological.

Because at least beyond a certain age,

it's very, very difficult for people to reinvent themselves.

So we kind of need to build identities.

I mean, if previously, if traditionally people built

identities like stone houses with very deep foundations,

now it makes more sense to build identities like tents that you

can fold and move elsewhere.

Because we don't know where you will have to move,

but you will have to move.

WILSON WHITE: You will have to move.

So I may have to go back to school now

to learn these things so that I can teach the next generation

of humans here.

In "21 Lessons for the 21st Century,"

you tackle several themes that even we at Google,

as a company who are on the leading edge of technology

and how technology is being deployed in society,

we wrestle with some of the same issues.

Tell me a bit about your thoughts

on why democracy is in crisis.

That's a theme in the current book,

and I want to explore that a bit.

Why you think liberal democracy as we knew

it is currently in crisis.

YUVAL NOAH HARARI: Well, the entire liberal democratic

system is built on philosophical ideas we've inherited

from the 18th century, especially the idea

of free will, which underlies the basic models

of the liberal world view like the voter knows best,

the customer is always right, beauty

is in the eye of the beholder, follow your heart,

do what feels good.

All these liberal models, which are

the foundation of our political and economic system.

They assume that the ultimate authority is the free choices

of individuals.

I mean, there are, of course, all kinds of limitations

and boundary cases and so forth, but when

push comes to shove, for instance,

in the economic field, then corporations

will tend to retreat behind this last line of defense

that this is what the customers want.

The customer is always right.

If the customers want it, it can't be wrong.

Who are you to tell the customers that they are wrong?

Now of course, there are many exceptions,

but this is the basics of the free market.

This is the first and last thing you learn.

The customer is always right.

So the ultimate authority in the economic field

is the desires of the customers.

And this is really based on a philosophical and metaphysical

view about free will, that the desires of the customer, they

emanate, they represent the free will of human beings,

which is the highest authority in the universe.

And therefore, we must abide by them.

And it's the same in the political field

with the voter knows best.

And this was OK for the last two or three centuries.

Because even though free will was always a myth and not

a scientific reality--

I mean, science knows of only two kinds

of processes in nature.

It knows about deterministic processes

and it knows about random processes.

And their combination results in probabilistic processes.

But randomness and probability, they are not freedom.

They mean that I can't predict your actions

with 100% accuracy, because there is randomness.

But a random robot is not free.

If you connect a robot, say, to uranium, a piece of uranium,

and the decisions of the robot is determined

by random processes of the disintegration of uranium

atoms, so you will never be able to predict exactly

what this robot will do.

But this is not freedom.

This is just randomness.

Now this was always true from a scientific perspective.

Humans, certainly they have a will.

They make decisions.

They make choices.

But they are not free to choose the will.

The choices are not independent.

They depend on a million factors,

genetic and hormonal and social and cultural and so forth,

which we don't choose.

Now up till now in history, the humans

were so complicated that for a practical perspective,

it still made sense to believe in free will,

because nobody could understand you better

than you understand yourself.

You had this inner realm of desires and thoughts

and feelings which you had privileged access

to this inner realm.

WILSON WHITE: Yeah, but that hasn't changed today, right?

Like, that--

YUVAL NOAH HARARI: It has changed.

There is no longer--

the privilege access now belongs to corporations like Google.

They can have access to things happening ultimately

inside my body and brain, which I don't know about.

There is somebody out there-- and not just one.

All kinds of corporations and governments that maybe not

today, maybe in five years, 10 years, 20 years, they

will have privileged access to what's happening inside me.

More privileged than my access.

They could understand what is happening in my brain

better than I understand it, which means-- they will never

be perfect.

WILSON WHITE: Right.

But you will, as a free person, like, you

will have delegated that access or that ability

to this corporation or this machine or this--

YUVAL NOAH HARARI: No, you don't have to give them permission.

I mean, in some countries maybe you have no choice at all.

But even in a democracy like the United States,

a lot of the information that enables an external entity

to hack you, nobody asks you whether you

want to give it away or not.

Now at present, most of the data that

is being collected on humans is still from the skin outwards.

We haven't seen nothing yet.

We are still just at the tip of this revolution,

because at present, whether it's Google and Facebook and Amazon

or whether it's the government or whatever, they all

are trying to understand people mainly

on the basis of what I search, what I buy, where I go,

who I meet.

It's all external.

The really big revolution, which is coming very quickly,

will be when the AI revolution and machine

learning and all that, the infotech revolution,

meets and merges with the biotech revolution

and goes under the skin.

Biometric sensors or even external devices.

Now we are developing the ability, for example,

to know the blood pressure of individuals

just by looking at them.

You don't need to put a sensor on a person.

Just by looking at the face, you can

tell, what is the blood pressure of that individual?

And by analyzing tiny movements in the eyes, in the mouth,

you can tell all kinds of things from the current mood

of the person--

are you angry, are you bored--

to things like sexual orientation.

So we are talking about a world in which humans

are no longer a black box.

Nobody really understands what happens inside, so we say, OK.

Free will.

No, the box is open.

And it's open to others, certain others more

than it is open to-- you don't understand what's

happening in your brain, but some corporation

or government or organization could understand that.

WILSON WHITE: And that's a theme that you

explore in "Homo Deus" pretty--

YUVAL NOAH HARARI: They're both in "Homo Deus"

and in "21 Lessons."

This is like, maybe the most important thing to understand

is that this is really happening.

And at present, almost all the attention goes to the AI.

Like, now I've been on a two-week tour of the US

for the publication of the book.

Everybody wants to speak about AI.

Like, AI.

Previous book, "Homo Deus" came out, nobody cared about AI.

Two years later, it's everywhere.

WILSON WHITE: It's the new hot thing.

YUVAL NOAH HARARI: Yeah.

And I try to emphasize, it's not AI.

The really important thing is actually the other side.

It's the biotech.

It's the combination.

It's only the combination-- it's only with the help of biology

that AI becomes really revolutionary.

Because just do a thought experiment.

Let's say we had the best, the most developed AI in the world.

But humans, we're not animals.