So get ready for like, 9 curtain calls at the end. But for now, we're grabbing our

Playbills and our Twizzlers to spend an episode with America's greatest theatrical invention:

the singing, dancing, orchestra-in-the-floor sensation that is… wait for it… the Broadway

book musical. Why does the Broadway book musical matter?

Well, it's changed theater as we know it. Along with Hollywood movies, it's America's

most influential entertainment export, a billion-dollar industry that has zoomed its way across the

world, to every continent except Antarctica, and onto cruise ships, too.

Today we'll focus on the Golden Age of the Broadway musical, trying to figure out how

song, story, and the occasional dream ballet come together to create this singular sensation.

Lights up! INTRO

Theater and music have always been closely intertwined. Greek tragedies were mostly sung

and danced. Liturgical dramas had key musical components. Melodrama was originally a musical

form. And most styles of traveling or folk theater were strongly musical—not to mention

the nineteenth-century rise of the opera—and pretty much every style of Asian theater we've

studied. American theater, of course, has its own musical

theater traditions, including the troubling and unfortunately VERY popular minstrel show,

which we looked at in an earlier episode. In terms of imported forms, America also went

big for vaudeville, pantomime, operetta, and comedy burlesque—which is different from

the modern tell-dirty-jokes-and-take-your-clothes-off sexy burlesque.

In the 1860s, we got what some consider the first American musical, “The Black Crook.”

“The Black Crook” basically happened because a theater burned down, and a Parisian ballet

troupe was stranded. So some enterprising producers were like, well, we can't just

put French girls in flesh-colored tights onstage and leave them there? The people demand a

story! Do they? Anyway, the producers paired the dancers with

a totally incomprehensible play about black magic and fairies and a really weird New Year's

Eve. And they tricked it out with scenery and songs. The total package! … that lasted

five hours and made nooooo sense. The first American musical comedies on Broadway

were created in the 1870s by a duo called Harrigan and Hart. They started with a variety

act that made fun of drunk neighborhood militias—armed and hilarious!—and then expanded these sketches

into song-filled shows like “The Mulligan Guard.”

They poked fun at all sorts of working-class types, and they never met an ethnicity they

couldn't mock. Stereotyping was huge, and the songs didn't have anything to do with

the plot. But these shows made audiences hungry for more, more, more musical farces with more,

more, more irrelevant songs. At around the turn of the 20th century, there

was a vogue for African-American musicals, which we discussed in our episode on the theater

of the Harlem Renaissance. In 1907, the Follies were born and musical

theater got very leggy. The Follies were evenings of loosely linked sketches and popular songs,

but the big draw was the chorus of Follies girls.

Each year, producer Florenz Ziegfeld assembled a group of beautiful chorines who had to have,

he said, “beauty of face, form, charm and manner, personal magnetism, individuality,

grace and poise.” The scripts? They're not great. In the first

Follies, Captain John Smith and Pocahontas drop in on 1907 New York and meet all kinds

of people. Yeah. The Follies walked the line between titillating

and classy pretty much perfectly. They were girlie shows that men could perv out to. While

sitting next to their wives. Because middle-class wives enjoy a kickline, too?

Between 1907 and 1931, there was a Follies every year, each leggier and more sumptuous

than the last. Oh, and Ziegfeld's Follies were the tame version. Other producers just

threw a bunch of nude showgirls and raunchy comics on the stage and called it a day.

Broadway could have gone on forever with classic girlie shows and questionably hilarious ethnic

stereotyping. But thankfully, instead something wonderful happened: The birth of the book

musical. The father? That would be Jerome Kern, a guy

who got his start fixing up imported British musicals. The songs he contributed were really

good, usually a lot better than what he'd been handed. The melodies were catchy, and

the lyrics conversational. At the Princess Theater, Kern and the lyricist

Guy Bolton started writing charming, low-key musicals, which became even more charming

when comic mastermind P. G. Wodehouse joined them. Notable shows included “Oh Boy!”

“and “Oh Dear!” Oh wow! Maybe they seem like piffle now, but at the

time book musicals were revolutionary: the characters were recognizable. The situations

were contemporary. The plot, lyrics, and style of song actually /went together/!

Bolton told an interviewer, “Every line, funny or serious, is supposedly to help the

plot continue to hold.” Whoa! Now I know what some of you are thinking. Gilbert and

Sullivan already did this. And you're not wrong, but those were operettas, mostly sung

through. And they involved fantastical situations. The Princess Theater musicals were different.

By the late 1920s, this newfangled idea that maybe the songs should have something to do

with the plot and the plot could be minimally coherent was really catching on. More than

fifty revues and musicals crowded Broadway every year.

And there were so many new composers and lyricists! Like Richard Rodgers or the romantic Lorenz

Hart. Or the astonishingly witty Cole Porter, a man who could rhyme anything. And, oh my

god, George and Ira Gershwin, s'wonderful, people! And hey, look, Irving Berlin!

Probably the first thoroughly modern musical was the 1927 “Show Boat,” which is tricky

to revive today because its racial politics are … a mess? But as written by Jerome Kern

and Oscar Hammerstein and set on a Mississippi showboat, it pushed the musical in a more

serious direction, towards an honest examination of racism..

It offered rich roles for African-American actors and gave them character-driven songs

like “Old Man River” and “Can't Help Lovin' that Man,” which are still standards.

The Broadway musical made it through the Great Depression. And while World War Two was being

waged, the musical leveled up again, entering a twenty-year Golden Age.

The musicals of this era were defined by their wit, sophistication, extremely hummable songs,

and dazzling and often athletic choreography—and by their willingness to allow genuinely complex

characters to exist. Now we're going to take a look at the American

musical that finally put it all together—music and lyrics and book scenes and ballet—to

tell a distinctly American story. Welcome to “Oklahoma!” Note the exclamation point!

This one is exciting, people! Even though it's set in …Oklahoma. No offense to my

Okies out there. This 1943 musical, written by Richard Rodgers

and Oscar Hammerstein, is based on Lynn Riggs's 1931 play “Green Grow the Lilacs.” The

exclamation point wasn't all they added. The play opens in 1906, when Oklahoma is still

a territory, and a surrey wagon is a plausible way to get around town. Help us out, ThoughtBubble!

Cowboy Curly comes forward and sings “Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'” as though chatting

to the audience. The Times critic, Brooks Atkinson, wrote that after a magnificent song

like that “the banalities of the old musical stage

became intolerable.” Curly and farm girl Laurey clearly like each

other, but can't seem to get along. Laurey has another suitor: Loner farmhand Jud Fry,

who is basically a Golden Age incel. The guy is bad news.

To make Curly jealous, Laurey agrees to go to the box social with Jud, even though she's

kind of afraid of him. Curly takes the news well, so well that he goes to see Jud and

sings a joke/not joke song suggesting that Jud kill himself. Jud, also a really mature

guy, decides that he's going to marry Laurey—whether she wants to or not!

Laurey is so confused that she buys a magic potion from the Persian peddler Ali Hakim.

She takes it and falls asleep, and that's when we get a fifteen-minute dream ballet,

where Laurey imagines marrying Curly and Jud murdering Curly. That is a bad dream. And

a good ballet. When she wakes, Laurey is too frightened to reject Jud, so they go to the

box social. There's a scuffle between farmers and cowmen,

and some comedy subplot stuff. Jud and Curly fight over Laurey. And Curly sells all his

things to win her heart. Jud confesses his feelings. Laurey rejects him and then fires

him. Curly and Laurey are married, but drunk Jud

shows up and tries to kill Curly, which is not good wedding etiquette. They tussle, and

Jud falls on his own knife. And Curly and Laurey get to go off on their honeymoon. A

happy ending! Except for the dead guy! Thanks, ThoughtBubble. It's hard to get

across how innovative “Oklahoma!”—a musical that includes a number like “The

Farmer and the Cowman”—actually is. Rodgers's melodies had a distinctly American sound.

And Hammerstein wrote the lyrics first, which meant that the songs were way more integral

to the story and were written in the voices of the characters.

Even more than “Showboat,” every song had a purpose, and so did every dance number.

Agnes de Mille's dream ballet took the musical to a daring, expressionist place. The story

was allowed to exist with a level of tonal and character complexity that no one thought

a musical could handle. But the musical /could/ handle it. It's so good!

As we're filming this in late 2018, a number of American theaters have recently staged

“Oklahoma!,” interrogating its depictions of sexuality, violence, conflict, and community.

These are radically different interpretations. But maybe that's one of the signs of a great

work of art—that it can stand up to all kind of interpretations and still tell us

something truthful. With a fringe on top. Oh, and this was also the show that pioneered

the original cast recording, which is NOT a small deal. You're welcome.

After “Oklahoma!,” the Golden Age continued until the early 1960s. Maybe there were no

other great musicals named after states and territories, but Rodgers and Hammerstein followed

“Oklahoma!” up with “Carousel,” “South Pacific,” “The Sound of Music” and “The

King and I.” Shall we dance, Yorick? At the same time, Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick

Loewe wrote “Brigadoon” and “My Fair Lady.”

And let's not forget “Guys and Dolls,” “On the Town,” “Wonderful Town,” “Kiss

Me Kate,” “Damn Yankees,” “West Side Story,” because somewhere there's a place

for us... and “Gypsy.”

Whew! There is sooo much more that we could talk about! The counterculture musical! The

mega musical! The concept musical! Sondheim! There's so much to say about Sondheim. Yorick

loves Sondheim! I'm lukewarm myself but NO SHADE, well.. Except...maybe literal shade...

Because it's time for our curtain call. This is our final episode of Crash Course

Theater and yet we have forty or fifty years of theater history and contemporary performance

still to go. Maybe we'll meet again for a reprise down the road.

Still, we wanted to leave you with the book musical, not just because it's a hugely

popular and influential theatrical form, but also because it's how a lot of us who make

Crash Course Theater got hooked in the first place. We saw a musical or a movie musical

when we were kids, and it just knocked us out. That's right. Musicals are the gateway

drug. First “Guys and Dolls” Then Artaud. Book musicals are sometimes sexist and sometimes

racist and sometimes really dumb. But they're also virtuosic and hopeful and big-hearted.

Like many of the things in life we love, they are big, and they are complicated.

Speaking of love, We can't actually see or hear you, but you've been a great audience.

Thank you for staying in your seats while we explored more than two thousand years of

people trying to put their world onstage. We wish we could sign at the stage door, but

you may have to settle for … like, VidCon or … twitter I guess?

We've seen sad theater, funny theater, dangerous theater, avalanche theater, theater that wants

to burn it all down, and theater that wants to build a new and better world. So give yourselves

a hand. And take a bow, Yorick. That's right, cue ball. You've

earned it. And for now, for the last time… curtain!