over common everyday abbreviations uses and meanings. Again I ended up choosing

the ones that we come across the most. Many of them come from Latin origin and

not everybody really knows sometimes what they stand for

but again I'm going to review it here. So this is part two. All right let's take a

look at first one. The first one is lb or lbs. Now most Westerners know that's

pounds, but I've often heard a lot of Westerners say why do we use lbs

for pounds ? Well obviously it comes from Libra you know like the zodiac sign

Libra Libra scales so that's why it's used as a symbol for pounds. Used to

indicate pounds. Okay let's look at the example here. She bought 10 pounds worth

of fruit. Okay let's look at the next one. i.e. I.e. is another one that confuses even native

speakers because this is one we take directly from Latin. Most of them know

probably that it means ' that is' but they can't figure out where does he i.e. come from ?

Well the i.e. comes directly from Latin. id est, est in Latin is is and id is that so

we usually either read it as that is or that is to say. Sometimes I have even

see it read as you know by which is meant. So okay it could be used in all of those ways. I do once in a while see

students make a mistake and they think that it also means like for example. No

it doesn't do that. So I.e, stands for id est which is should be read as that is.

Okay let's take a look at the example here. That comic book convention is only

for Marvel superheroes i.e. or you could read it as IE or that is, Hulk Spider-man,

Iron Man, Captain America, Fantastic Four and many other superheroes from the

Marvel book company. Okay all right let's look at MA. MA you know like somebody

gets a postgraduate degree somebody got an MA comes from also from Latin

Magister Atrium is what it actually comes from, which is Masters of Arts. Okay a

postgraduate degree right. So here's the example she's planning on going for an

MA. All right MO. we sometimes hear this in movies especially detective movies

they try to find the criminal. Okay oh and also MO here stands for modus

operandi. Methods of Operating often used about criminal records. Okay All right.

All right I guess I noticed I skipped MD. Even though is a very common one.

Everybody knows MD stands for medicinae doctor. Of course from the Latin doctor

of medicine, So here's the example. Her husband is an MD or maybe you could say

somebody was an MD in the military. All right good. oh and I should give you

the example of MO. yeah I forgot to do that. The police suspect it may be done

by a serial killer because all these cases of murder followed the same MO. So

remember, MO stands for modus operandi. Modus operandi the same method of

operation. So probably it is used a lot of the same ways. That is especially with

serial killers. Sometimes they like to do the murder all in the same way. You know

they get some excitement from that. Okay let's go to the next one.

PhD philosophy doctor okay doctor philosophy. Yeah he got a Ph.D. in that

subject another thing to note about Ph. D. is you know it's the Ph and then the

period and then Dot period. That's the way it should be written out. A lot of

students might make that mistake. They might just write PhD altogether. It

should be Pd dot D dot basically. oh again that's a common one. Just like

master' s and PhD, Ph. D. of course is the highest University degree you can get. All right let's continue. PS stands for post script. Remember

anything's post as always after. Post script after after writing. So after what has been scripted or written. That's what we hear. So here's the

example. Yeah so oh used at the end of a letter to add information. And here's the

example he added a PS. I love you and I cannot wait to see you again. Yeah I

probably heard that in a lot of songs too. You know . PS I love you. something like that. But

yeah if somebody writes that PS that's what the PS actually stands for

PostScript. It is like an added thought after you finish the whole

letter. You know to add and some extra information All right good and here RIP.

Of course comes directly from Latin. Requiescat in Pace.

But most people know the English translation. Because its letters

match up in English too. May someone rest in peace, so the RIP also matches English of

rest in peace. Yeah so it is often used on gravestones or tombstones especially

to save space or save money. You know on tombstones they always charge you for

every letter. That's put in there. So that's why sometimes people in the past

have abbreviated just to R IP or rest in peace. All right the vs. VS. is

one you should never read it as versus, You should always read it as okay

sometimes you just see the whole word written out or a lot of times you just see

the vs. We've see it in sports a lot. One team against another. So that's the

example here. Tonight's game is the Yankees versus the Red Sox. You might

also see it in law cases. Remember that old movie a long time ago Kramer vs

Kramer. So it always means against or opposing. Okay I hope you got it. I hope

it was informative. hope you enjoyed it. Thank you for your time. Bye-bye.