I've already seen how they do intensive farming on a huge scale.

我看到他們如何進行大型的密集式畜牧生產。

In the next 40 years, we'll have 9 billion people on this planet.

未來40年，全球將會有90億人口，

We have to make as much food as we have made since the beginning of time.

我們需要製造大量食物，數量相等於從遠古至現在的總和。

and I've seen from the air, how another farm does it even bigger.

我也從高空看到另一個更大的乳牛場。

Each of these sheds has got about 3,000 cows in it, and there's 10 units spread out across this farm,

每個牛棚有大約3,000隻牛，整個牧場共有10個牛棚，分佈在不同的角落，

makes my farm look like an allotment.

相比之下，我的農場只看似一個農圃，

Now it's time to see it close up.

是時候看近一點。

Well, seeing that farm from the air was absolutely extraordinary.

從高空觀看這個乳牛場，絕對是非凡體驗。

I've now got an hour's long drive to find out what happens on ground level.

1小時車程後，我會走進乳牛場，了解裡面是什麼一回事。

The farm I am about to visit has managed to turn intensive farming into a tourist attraction.

我參觀的牧場，由大型的密集式牧場，變成一個旅遊景點。

Fair Oaks Farm Park receives 500,000 visitors every year.

Fair Oaks Farm Park 每年接待500,000名遊客。

They come to see the 32,000 cows which produce more than 2 million pints of milk every day.

遊客專程來看這合共32,000隻，每日生產2,000,000品脫牛奶的牛群。

25 barns, most of them are 1/4 mile long, are spread over a 17,000 acre site.

乳牛場共有25個牛棚，大部分長達1/4英里，分佈在這17,000英畝的土地上。

How can you possibly look after 32,000 cows?

你怎能夠飼養32,000隻牛？

I mean, that's a lot of animals to look after, isn't it?

這是個大數目，是嗎？

Yes, we have 32,000 cows, but every cow is an individual.

是的，我們有32,000隻牛，但每一隻牛是一個個體。

In a computer record, we know everything about that cow,

根據電腦記錄，我們知道牛隻的一切資料：

when she had a calf, when she had a cough, whatever.

它何時曾誕下小牛，何時曾生病等等。

These cows are under 24 hour observation.

牛群會受24小時觀察。

We have 450 workers that are looking after their welfare along with our veterinarians.

我們有450工人及獸醫負責照顧牛隻。

and so, we invite the public to come in, see what we do,

我們邀請公眾參觀，看我們的運作，

measure us against… do they think we're taking care of our cows.

監察我們給牛群的照顧。

A farm of this size must have a big environmental impact.

牧場這麼大，一定會對環境構成影響。

Well, yeah, the potential environmental impact that we think we've taken that off the page.

嗯，是的，但我們認為已經解決了潛在對環境的影響。

We collect 100% of our manure every day in huge vacuum cleaners that all goes to anaerobic digesters,

我們每日有吸管收集所有牛糞，送進厭氧沼氣池，

and it creates a renewable energy source.

轉化為可再生能源。

so 100% of our power is poo power.

所以我們的能源，全靠牛糞發電。

A farm this size can produce enough electricity to power 8,000 homes.

以這個牧場的規模，可以製造足夠電力，供8000戶家庭使用。

In addition it's a 58% methane gas. We can scrub that make it 100% methane. Now, that's natural gas.

而且，氣體含58﹪甲烷。我們能將它提煉至100﹪，成為天然氣，

And we run all of our trucks off a compressed natural gas.

供我們的貨車使用。

Do you think this is industrial farming that is very much a factory for the cows?

你認為這種工業化的畜牧生產，像一個牛工廠嗎？

Are they prisoners of their own labour?

這群牛是否好像囚犯，勞役自已?

Well, certainly we don't feel that way.

嗯，當然我們不會有這種想法，

In terms of our love of dairy, and our love of farming, and our family involvement,

我們對牛隻的熱愛，我們對畜牧的熱愛，我們一家的付出，

to us, it's just a family farm,

對於我們，這只是一個家庭農場，

and we happen to grow it a little larger than the guy down the road.

只是它碰巧比鄰家的大一點兒罷了。

And if you think that farming on this scale might not be heading for the UK, then think again.

如果你認為這種規模的乳牛場不會在英國出現的話，再想想吧。

These british farmers are visiting Fair Oaks, to see what they can learn from intensive farming.

這些英國農夫也在牧場考察，研究這種大型密集式乳牛場有否值得借鏡的地方。

What we've seen in this trip today is that, you can look after cows, in a very favorable way in large numbers.

今天我們見到了，原來是有一個的良好辦法，可以照料大量牛隻。

and something that we've come here to see how the Americans look after a large number of cows.

這正是我們來看美國人養殖大量乳牛的原因。

We've got so much to learn from them, from a management point of view,

我們有很多地方要向他們學習，特別是管理。

That's the whole reason we are over here, really.

這是考察的真正目的。

And I think the management and welfare standards are so good,

我覺得，他們的管理及護理的水平是多麽好，

because they are big, they can't get away with anything less.

正因他們的規模大，不能省功夫，

Really, I'm trying and learn from these guys

真的，我想學他們，

and see if we can implement their management techniques in our farms.

想在我們的農場，運用他們的管理技巧。

Despite its size, Fair Oaks has encountered little opposition from locals.

雖然Fair Oaks 乳牛場佔地大，但他們遇到當地居民反對的聲音，並不算多。

But that's not the case for all huge farming operations.

但並非所有大型乳牛場都有這種厚待。

This dairy farm is the biggest in Wisconsin.

這是威斯康星州最大的乳牛場，

It has 8,000 cows and it's a similar size to the one proposed in Nocton in Lincolnshire.

飼養了8000隻牛，佔地相當於在英國林肯郡諾克頓的乳牛場選址。

Since it opened 2 years ago, it has been causing a stink with some of the neighbors.

從2年前開業到現在，乳牛場為部分居民帶來臭味問題。

So what sort of problems have you been experiencing?

你們遇到哪些問題?

I've had a number of neighbors contact me,

有很多鄰居聯絡我，

and a described symptoms of pounding headaches, migraines and new symptoms of asthma,

並描述病徵如強烈頭痛，偏頭痛，及哮喘等症狀，

just since the dairy has been in operation.

自乳牛場開業便出現了。

So, it's the slurry, the smell?

那麽，臭味是來自化糞池的嗎?

It's actually, I call it the stench. It's more than a smell.

是的，其實我會稱它為惡臭，它比臭味還要臭。

and when it hits you, it overpowers you.

當你吸入它，它會壓倒你。

If you think about the chemicals that are causing the odor,

試想想，形成臭味的化學物質，

it's HAM: hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, and methane, all being released. They are all toxic gases,

它們是硫化氫，氨和甲烷，在空氣流動。它們是有毒的。

and you certainly don't want to breathe them in.

你一定不想吸入這些氣體。

They would be regulated if it were ordinary industry.

如果在一般行業，這些氣體會受規管的。

so, what advice would you give to the people in the UK who may end up with these mega dairies next to them?

那麼，對於那些快要跟大型乳牛場為鄰的英國居民，你們有什麼忠告?

I think that if you have a sense of ethics, and moral responsibility to the future generation,

我認為，如果你有道德責任，及為下一代著想的話。

then you will do everything you can to prevent the spread of industrial size mega farms.

你會竭盡所能，去避免大型工業式畜牧場繼續擴散。

The number of dairies in the US like this one with 2,000+ cows has tripled in the last 10 years,

在美國，這類飼養超過2,000隻乳牛的農場數目，近10年間升了3倍 。

whilst the number of small farms has nearly halved.

而小型牧場的數量幾乎減少了一半。

Those who run these massive farms though, say welfare hasn't suffered and they are more heavily policed.

經營大型牧場的負責人，却聲稱環境無受影響，因他們受到較多規管。

We have probably been the most regulated dairy ever. We follow a 4,000 page document, if you will.

我們應該是歷來最受規管的牧場，我們跟從一份4,000頁的文件。

It tells us when we can spread, where we can spread, how much we can spread.

規定我們廢物處理的時間，地點，以至數量。

Obviously, it's cow manure, and it's going to smell once in a while.

很明顯，廢物是牛糞，它們偶爾會帶些氣味。

and the smell, you know, they claimed that there's smells of sulphur,

那些氣味，你知道嗎，居民聲稱它是硫磺的氣味，

it gets to the back of your throat, and they've got to stay in their houses.

吸入會使喉部不適，他們要躲在家裡。

Is there any way you can work with them and help them?

你有無方法可以幫助他們解決問題?

We work with some of our neighbors. We've had neighbors come to say,

我們有幫一些鄰居。有鄰居找我們說，

Hey, we are going to have family reunion, Can you make sure that you don't spread near our houses?

嗨，我們會有家庭聚會，可以確保氣味不會傳至我家嗎？

then we say, "No problem. We won't spread near your house that day."

我們會答，無問題，我們當日不會傳出氣味。

It's a difficult balance.

農民要作出困難的平衡。

These farmers don't want to fall out with their neighbors,

一方面，他們不希望跟鄰居鬧翻，

but of course, they do want to make money.

另一方面，他們想賺錢。

Dairying isn't the only type of farming that can cause an environmental impact, there's pig farming, too.

除了酪農，養豬也對環境造成影響。

I have got a few pigs at home, but nothing like what's planned for Derbyshire,

我家也養了一些豬，也絕不像在德比郡，

where they are hoping to set up the biggest pig farm in the UK.

那個規劃中全英國最大的養豬場那樣。

So while I'm over here, I'm going to meet up an American guy,

稍後，我會見一個美國人。

who is going to tell me all about what they call, the hog industry.

他會向我介紹他們的養豬業。

Malcolm DeKryger is vice president of a company which own 12,000 sows,

Malcolm DeKryger是這家公司的副總裁，擁有12,000隻母豬，

and produce 140,000 pigs for slaughter every year.

每年生產140,000隻可屠宰的生豬。

Sales total $25,000,000 or £16,000,000.

營業額達25,000,000美元，或16,000,000英鎊

Big, big business in anybody's money.

對於任何人，這是一盤大生意。

em… These sows are in 16cm wide stalls, for about 8-10 weeks. They will be in this barn,

嗯，這些母豬先在一個16厘米寛攤架，逗留8-10星期，然後會搬到這裡。

and we do the artificial semination in the breeding barn. They are in there for 6-7 weeks,

我們會在育嬰棚作人工受孕，牠們會留6-7星期。

and then, they are coming here for about 8-9 weeks.

然後會搬到這裡，逗留8-9星期。

and so, they just keep moving barn to barn.

所以牠們會經常搬家。

And so, they stand these stalls all their lives and they can never turn around?

那麼，牠們的一生就是站在這些攤架裡面，從來不能調頭走?

em… They can walk out and turn around, when they go to the next place.

嗯，當牠們要搬家的時候，他們可以走動的。

In the mean time, they are very comfortable and contented.

現在牠們很舒服，很滿足。

Some people would have a problem with this.

有些人會覺得有問題。

The pig being an intelligent animal, how do you feel about that?

豬是有靈性的動物。你有什麼感覺？

The way that we measure contentedness and well being…

我們量度滿足度和福祉，

em… is not based on humans, because pigs are not humans.

嗯，並不是以人作為指標，因為豬不是人。

Confined operations were put together for sake of the animal,

這個密閉的運作方式是為了動物，

put together for the sake of human labour efficiency.

為了生產效率。

And, is this how to feed the world?

那麼，這就是養活全球人類的方法？

em… At this point… this is a very effective way to produce a lot of pigs.

嗯，到目前為止，這是非常有效地生產大量豬隻，

and being it's how pork is the protein of demand in the world…

而豬肉是用來滿足全球對蛋白質需求，

em… it's the best way we know how, today.

嗯，這是我們現時所知的最好方法。

She's getting a bit sunburnt, doesn't she? That one.

她是否有點曬傷？是她。

Having seen that big pig farm, I came away not very happy with the way that the pigs are kept,

看到那家養豬場，對待豬的手法，我不太高興，

but delighted, really, the laws in Europe, and particularly the UK,

值得安慰的是，在歐洲，特別在英國，

don't allow us to keep pigs like that at home.

法例是不容許此等的養豬手法。

My trip across America has been an epic. And it's been a lot to take in.

我的美國之行好像一項壯舉，給我很多感受。

I need time to digest everything that I've seen and heard a minute over.

我需要時間去消化我的所見所聞。

but before I head home, I'll be back later in the programme to share my thoughts on whether we could,

回家之前，我想向大家分享我的想法，到底我們可否，

or even should learn anything about farming from the Americans.

或應否向美國的農業學習？