san francisco stocks delta corona virus vaccine treatment in the US and pandemic

and that is with a question mark so let's get right to the numbers if we go

to the world ometer website if we look at the number of active cases you can

see that 82 percent of those are in mild condition whereas 18 percent are serious

or critical remember these are patients that got tested because they had

symptoms and i imagine that there's far more people out there than we know that

had corona virus were asymptomatic and didn't even know if we look at the close

cases this is something that we're following people who have gone through

the corona virus and come out the other side or have not come out the other side

we're seeing that about 92 percent of them have recovered on our discharge in

our home and eight percent have died if we look at the graph of that we can see

here that this has not yet reached the asymptote according to these numbers if

you believe them death rate is eight point four two percent and dropping for

those of you who don't trust the numbers coming out of China this is an

interesting graph here where we look at the total cases outside of China and you

can see that those are going up and we're sort of in the epidemic phase

especially in South Korea and in Italy if we look at daily cases excluding

mainland China we've got here on the 25th of February the highest number to

date but please remember that those cases that are outside of China are just

a sliver of the total cases that are reported by mainland China of course if

those numbers in China are far greater than what they're reporting then the

sliver is even smaller than it is represented here again back on the main

page at the bottom below all of the countries specific data we have the

latest updates during one new death in Japan three new cases in Thailand and

they say that we are entering a full war with kovat 19 and one new death in South

Korea a 73 year-old male if we go back to February

25th there are 406 new cases and 52 new

deaths occurring in China on February 25th as reported by the National Health

Commission of China also one new death in South Korea a female patient who died

of acute respiratory failure after being a minute up to just two days being in

the hospital one new death on the diamond princess this is a person in

their 80s two new cases in Italy 60 new cases in South Korea which is a sharp

decline in new cases compared to yesterday's 161 new cases so I'll have

to see how that pans out on CNBC they are reporting as part of their update

that there are new coronavirus cases in Germany this is a 25 year old man living

in southern German state of Baden württemberg and he had a return visit

from Italy he had flu-like symptoms and he's gonna

be treated in isolation and people who have been in contact with them are going

to be put in isolation also see here that San Francisco has declared a local

emergency and they have a total caseload of zero but they are trying to take a

proactive action kind of an interesting thing of course the big news of the day

is somebody at the CDC which we'll talk about said that it's not a matter of if

but a matter of when Cova 19 comes to the United States in full force and of

course that caused the markets to lose up to 800 points also we see here that

Delta scraps cancellation fees for Italian flights because of that outbreak

big news here is that US health officials say that human trials on

coronavirus vaccine is going to start in six weeks and we talked about this on

the last update and how it is so different than the previous examples of

vaccines that we've had and that's because instead of injecting you with a

protein that your immune system makes antibodies against what they're going to

be doing is injecting you with the instructions that is the RNA into your

cell so that the antigen presenting cells that normally present these

antigens to your immune system will make the protein on its surface and then

present it to your immune system to make the antibodies against it

this allows you to make manipulations as the virus

apparently mutates it also cuts down on production time it allows you to get a

vaccine out during an epidemic as opposed to after the epidemic has passed

and a lot of people have suffered from this and it also allows you to scale and

reach millions and millions of people with this type of vaccine and we talked

about that yesterday we got more information about that today here's a

really interesting article this is from Harvard University and believe it or not

this was published in May of 2015 that's five years ago that they were looking at

this type of technology and we'll leave a link to this website in the

description below goes through a lot of interesting things for instance a lot of

questions yesterday regarding how do you get this RNA into the cells well it

talks about what RNA does and I would recommend you watch our molecular

biology primer which will put the link to to bone up if you will

on exactly how does the cellular structure work because that's going to

become really important for you to understand if you want understand how

these vaccines work so that talks about that here it says in the living cell of

the organism DNA is the molecule that contains the genetic information of that

organism it's composed of a series of four building blocks which we talk about

that gets copied into a structure called RNA which carries that information into

the rest of the cell that's the cytosol or the cytoplasm and it's there that

this RNA genetic information is translated into proteins so you can see

here what happens is you get injected this is the RNA that they have figured

out it goes into your special type of cells called antigen presenting cells

these are typically the cells that go around looking for things that shouldn't

be there eating them up and presenting the antigens usually proteins to your

immune cells that's how a normal vaccine works well here these little code

instructions will go into the antigen presenting cell and the cell itself will

make a portion of the viral protein the portion that they feel is the best to

make antibodies against they will make that protein inside of their own cells

and present it which will stimulate the immune response

and RNA is injected into the body this RNA encodes the information to produce

the antigen which is a protein from a pathogen that will stimulate the immune

system inside the cells the RNA is used to synthesize the antigen which is

exposed to the cell surface this is the new part here then a subset of immune

system cells recognize the antigen and trigger an immune response so it's quite

interesting you can see here that once you have the real pathogen that comes in

you already have the immune system built up and you can get a rapid response or a

strong response and I will put a couple of other links of some videos below that

describe this kind of technology if you want more information on that we're

gonna talk about that in subsequent lectures the next thing I want to talk

to you about is this fortunate article about the first u.s. trial for a corona

virus treatment that is started and this is an interesting situation because of

course the question is if we're gonna do this in United States who are we going

to do it with and this is not a vaccine this is the treatment and it's using

this medication that we've talked about before called REM des aver now Ramez

aver is a antiviral but the way it works is it is a nucleotide analog that

basically prevents and truncates or stops the ability of RNA to reproduce

and make these long RNA strings and we'll talk a little bit more about that

mechanism in our course on what is a corona virus and how does it infect the

cell and we're still working on that but we should be able to have that out

shortly the NIH confirmed on Tuesday that the first u.s. clinical trial for a

corona virus treatment has launched at the University of Nebraska so this is a

gold standard study where they are going to give patients placebo or the real

thing and the reason why they're doing this is because they don't know if this

medication works but they're certainly gonna try to find out and they're gonna

use patients that have already been infected with kovat 19 that have come

back from the diamond princess or have been quarantined and found to have the

corona virus if they develop symptoms so again who are these patients the first

u.s. patient to enroll in the trial is according to the NIH an American who

volunteered for the study the individual was one of thousands of people

quarantined on the princess cruise ship in Japan before

being repatriated to the United States which all brings us back to the last

item and that's this idea about pandemic pan of course meaning everywhere ademma

keening a situation or infection so the common cold is a pandemic the flu virus

is a pandemic a pandemic simply describes how broad and far-reaching is

this infection what are the US health officials say based on this news report

we have an shoots at the principal deputy director of the Centers for

Disease Control prevention told reporters at a news briefing quote it's

not so much a question of if this will happen anymore but rather more question

of when this will happen and how many people in this country will become

infected and how many of those will develop a severe or more complicated

disease Health and Human Services Secretary Alex as are added

we can't hermetically seal off the United States and so a lot of these

people that are being repatriated have these viruses they're keeping them in

quarantine and we will see how this goes there is hope of course that we can

stave this off and that somehow if there's increasing temperatures in

spring and summer that perhaps this might depress the growth of the corona

virus there are some examples where this could be true we have some data to show

that this might be true we also have data that this might not be true right

because we have places like Singapore and warmer countries where there is

still a growth of the corona virus so getting back to our agenda the big story

currently is what they're doing here with the vaccine with the RNA and what

they're doing with the treatment with the randomized controlled trial that's

big news and then of course this pandemic is not going to change what we

do in terms of the virus it's simply going to change the perception the

perception the virus can sometimes be more dangerous than the virus itself it

is best to do what you can do on a rational basis to improve your chances

of not getting the corona virus but if you do surviving it